Professor Andrew Bunker

Abstract:

The recent discovery of a large number of massive black holes within the first two billion years after the big bang, as well as their peculiar properties, have been largely unexpected based on the extrapolation of the properties of luminous quasars. These findings have prompted the development of several theoretical models for the early formation and growth of black holes, which are, however, difficult to differentiate. We report the metallicity measurement around a gravitationally lensed massive black hole at redshift 7.04 (classified as a Little Red Dot), hosted in a galaxy with very low dynamical mass. The weakness of the [O iii]5007 emission line relative to the narrow H emission indicates extremely low metallicity, about solar, and even more metal poor in the surrounding few 100 pc. We argue that such properties cannot be uncommon among accreting black holes around this early cosmic epoch. Explaining such a low chemical enrichment in a system that has developed a massive black hole is challenging for most theories. Models assuming heavy black hole seeds (such as Direct Collapse Black Holes) or super-Eddington accretion scenarios struggle to explain the observations, although they can potentially reproduce the observed properties in some cases. Models invoking ‘primordial black holes’ (i.e. putative black holes formed shortly after the big bang) may potentially explain the low chemical enrichment associated with this black hole, although this class of models also requires further developments for proper testing.

Abstract:

Massive star-forming clumps are a prominent feature of high-redshift galaxies and are thought to trace gravitational fragmentation, feedback, and bulge growth in gas-rich disks. We present a statistical analysis of clumps in ∼3600 galaxies spanning 2 ≲ z ≲ 8 from deep JWST/NIRCam imaging in the JADES GOODS–South field. Clumps are identified as residual features after subtracting smooth Sérsic profiles, enabling a uniform, rest-frame optical census of subgalactic structure. We characterize their physical properties, size–mass relations, and spatial distributions to constrain models of subgalactic structure formation and evolution. We find that clumps in our sample are typically low-mass (10∼7−8M⊙), actively star-forming, and show diverse gas-phase metallicity, dust attenuation, and stellar population properties. Their sizes and average pairwise separations increase with cosmic time (toward lower redshift), consistent with inside-out disk growth. The clump mass function follows a power law with slope α=−1.50−0.17+0.19 , consistent with fragmentation in turbulent disks. We find a deficit of relatively young clumps near galaxy centers and a radial transition in the size–mass relation: outer clumps exhibit steeper, near-virial slopes ( Re∝M*∼0.3 ), while inner clumps follow flatter trends ( Re∝M*∼0.2 ), consistent with structural evolution via migration or disruption. These results provide new constraints on the formation, survival, and dynamical evolution of clumps, highlighting their role in shaping galaxy morphology during the peak of cosmic star formation.

Abstract:

JWST’s “little red dots” (LRDs) are increasingly interpreted as active galactic nuclei (AGN) obscured by dense thermalized gas rather than dust as evidenced by their X-ray weakness, blackbody-like continua, and Balmer line profiles. Key questions are how LRDs connect to standard UV-luminous AGN, whether transitional phases exist, and whether they are observable. We present the “X-ray dot” (XRD), a compact source at z = 3.28 observed by the NIRSpec Wide Guaranteed Time Observation survey. The XRD exhibits LRD hallmarks: a blackbody-like (Teff ≃ 6400 K) red continuum, a faint but blue rest-UV excess, falling mid-IR emission, and broad Balmer lines (FWHM ∼ 2700–3200 km s−1). Unlike LRDs, however, it is remarkably X-ray luminous (L2−10 keV = 1044.18 erg s−1) and has a continuum inflection that is blueward of the Balmer limit. We find that the red rest-optical and blue mid-IR continuum cannot be reproduced by standard dust-attenuated AGN models without invoking extremely steep extinction curves, nor can the weak mid-IR emission be reconciled with well-established X-ray–torus scaling relations. We therefore consider an alternative scenario: the XRD may be an LRD in transition, where the gas envelope dominates the optical continuum but optically thin sight lines allow X-rays to escape. The XRD may thus provide a physical link between LRDs and standard AGN, offering direct evidence that LRDs are powered by supermassive black holes and providing insight into their accretion properties.

Abstract:

Understanding how galaxies assemble their mass during the first billion years of cosmic time is a central goal of extragalactic astrophysics, yet joint constraints on their sizes and kinematics remain scarce. We present one of the first statistical studies of the size–mass relation at high redshift with a sample of 213 galaxies at spectroscopic redshifts of from the FRESCO and CONGRESS NIRCam grism surveys. We measure the morphology and kinematics of our sample using the novel forward modelling Bayesian inference tool geko, and complement them with stellar continuum sizes in the rest-frame far ultraviolet (FUV), near ultraviolet (NUV), and optical, obtained from modelling of imaging data from the JADES survey with Pysersic. At , we find that the average H sizes are larger than the stellar continuum (FUV, NUV, and optical), with kpc and kpc for galaxies with . However, we find no significant differences between the stellar continuum sizes at different wavelengths, suggesting that galaxies are not yet steadily growing inside–out at these epochs. Instead, we find that the ratio increases with the distance above the star-forming main sequence (), consistent with an expansion of H sizes during episodes of enhanced star formation caused by an increase in ionizing photons. As galaxies move above the star-forming main sequence, we find an increase of their rotational support , which could be tracing accreting gas illuminated by the emission. Finally, we find that about half of the elongated systems () are not rotationally supported, indicating a potential flattened/prolate galaxy population at high redshift.