Graph Neural Networks for low-energy event classification & reconstruction in IceCube
Journal of Instrumentation IOP Publishing 17:11 (2022) P11003-P11003
Authors:
R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, N Aggarwal, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, M Ahrens, JM Alameddine, AA Alves, NM Amin, K Andeen, T Anderson, G Anton, C Argüelles, Y Ashida, S Athanasiadou, S Axani, X Bai, A Balagopal V., M Baricevic, SW Barwick, V Basu, R Bay, JJ Beatty, K-H Becker, J Becker Tjus, J Beise, C Bellenghi, S Benda, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, G Binder, D Bindig, E Blaufuss, S Blot, F Bontempo, JY Book, J Borowka, C Boscolo Meneguolo, S Böser, O Botner, J Böttcher, E Bourbeau, J Braun, B Brinson, J Brostean-Kaiser, RT Burley, RS Busse, MA Campana, EG Carnie-Bronca, C Chen, Z Chen, D Chirkin, K Choi, BA Clark, L Classen, A Coleman, GH Collin, A Connolly, JM Conrad, P Coppin, P Correa, S Countryman, DF Cowen, R Cross, C Dappen, P Dave, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, D Delgado López, H Dembinski, K Deoskar, A Desai, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, T DeYoung, A Diaz, JC Díaz-Vélez, M Dittmer, H Dujmovic, MA DuVernois, T Ehrhardt, P Eller, R Engel, H Erpenbeck, J Evans, PA Evenson, KL Fan, AR Fazely, A Fedynitch, N Feigl, S Fiedlschuster, AT Fienberg, C Finley, L Fischer, D Fox, A Franckowiak, E Friedman, A Fritz, P Fürst, TK Gaisser, J Gallagher, E Ganster, A Garcia, S Garrappa, L Gerhardt, A Ghadimi, C Glaser, T Glauch, T Glüsenkamp, N Goehlke, JG Gonzalez, S Goswami, D Grant, SJ Gray, T Grégoire, S Griswold, C Günther, P Gutjahr, C Haack, A Hallgren, R Halliday, L Halve, F Halzen, H Hamdaoui, M Ha Minh, K Hanson, J Hardin, AA Harnisch, P Hatch, A Haungs, K Helbing, J Hellrung, F Henningsen, L Heuermann, S Hickford, C Hill, GC Hill, KD Hoffman, K Hoshina, W Hou, T Huber, K Hultqvist, M Hünnefeld, R Hussain, K Hymon, S In, N Iovine, A Ishihara, M Jansson, GS Japaridze, M Jeong, M Jin, BJP Jones, D Kang, W Kang, X Kang, A Kappes, D Kappesser, L Kardum, T Karg, M Karl, A Karle, U Katz, M Kauer, JL Kelley, A Kheirandish, K Kin, J Kiryluk, SR Klein, A Kochocki, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, T Kontrimas, L Köpke, C Kopper, DJ Koskinen, P Koundal, M Kovacevich, M Kowalski, T Kozynets, E Krupczak, E Kun, N Kurahashi, N Lad, C Lagunas Gualda, MJ Larson, F Lauber, JP Lazar, JW Lee, K Leonard, A Leszczyńska, M Lincetto, QR Liu, M Liubarska, E Lohfink, C Love, CJ Lozano Mariscal, L Lu, F Lucarelli, A Ludwig, W Luszczak, Y Lyu, WY Ma, J Madsen, KBM Mahn, Y Makino, S Mancina, W Marie Sainte, IC Mariş, S Marka, Z Marka, M Marsee, I Martinez-Soler, R Maruyama, T McElroy, F McNally, JV Mead, K Meagher, S Mechbal, A Medina, M Meier, S Meighen-Berger, Y Merckx, J Micallef, D Mockler, T Montaruli, RW Moore, R Morse, M Moulai, T Mukherjee, R Naab, R Nagai, U Naumann, A Nayerhoda, J Necker, M Neumann, H Niederhausen, MU Nisa, SC Nowicki, A Obertacke Pollmann, M Oehler, B Oeyen, A Olivas, R Orsoe, J Osborn, E O'Sullivan, H Pandya, DV Pankova, N Park, GK Parker, EN Paudel, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, L Peters, TC Petersen, J Peterson, S Philippen, S Pieper, A Pizzuto, M Plum, Y Popovych, A Porcelli, M Prado Rodriguez, B Pries, R Procter-Murphy, GT Przybylski, C Raab, J Rack-Helleis, M Rameez, K Rawlins, Z Rechav, A Rehman, P Reichherzer, G Renzi, E Resconi, S Reusch, W Rhode, M Richman, B Riedel, EJ Roberts, S Robertson, S Rodan, G Roellinghoff, M Rongen, C Rott, T Ruhe, L Ruohan, D Ryckbosch, D Rysewyk Cantu, I Safa, J Saffer, D Salazar-Gallegos, P Sampathkumar, SE Sanchez Herrera, A Sandrock, M Santander, S Sarkar, S Sarkar, M Schaufel, H Schieler, S Schindler, B Schlueter, T Schmidt, J Schneider, FG Schröder, L Schumacher, G Schwefer, S Sclafani, D Seckel, S Seunarine, A Sharma, S Shefali, N Shimizu, M Silva, B Skrzypek, B Smithers, R Snihur, J Soedingrekso, A Søgaard, D Soldin, C Spannfellner, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, R Stein, T Stezelberger, T Stürwald, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, I Taboada, S Ter-Antonyan, WG Thompson, J Thwaites, S Tilav, K Tollefson, C Tönnis, S Toscano, D Tosi, A Trettin, CF Tung, R Turcotte, JP Twagirayezu, B Ty, MA Unland Elorrieta, K Upshaw, N Valtonen-Mattila, J Vandenbroucke, N van Eijndhoven, D Vannerom, J van Santen, J Vara, J Veitch-Michaelis, S Verpoest, D Veske, C Walck, W Wang, TB Watson, C Weaver, P Weigel, A Weindl, J Weldert, C Wendt, J Werthebach, M Weyrauch, N Whitehorn, CH Wiebusch, N Willey, DR Williams, M Wolf, G Wrede, J Wulff, XW Xu, JP Yanez, E Yildizci, S Yoshida, S Yu, T Yuan, Z Zhang, P Zhelnin
Abstract:
Abstract
IceCube, a cubic-kilometer array of optical sensors built to
detect atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos between 1 GeV and
1 PeV, is deployed 1.45 km to 2.45 km below the surface of the
ice sheet at the South Pole. The classification and reconstruction
of events from the in-ice detectors play a central role in the
analysis of data from IceCube. Reconstructing and classifying
events is a challenge due to the irregular detector geometry,
inhomogeneous scattering and absorption of light in the ice and,
below 100 GeV, the relatively low number of signal photons produced
per event. To address this challenge, it is possible to represent
IceCube events as point cloud graphs and use a Graph Neural Network
(GNN) as the classification and reconstruction method. The GNN is
capable of distinguishing neutrino events from cosmic-ray
backgrounds, classifying different neutrino event types, and
reconstructing the deposited energy, direction and interaction
vertex. Based on simulation, we provide a comparison in the
1 GeV–100 GeV energy range to the current state-of-the-art
maximum likelihood techniques used in current IceCube analyses,
including the effects of known systematic uncertainties. For
neutrino event classification, the GNN increases the signal
efficiency by 18% at a fixed background rate, compared to current
IceCube methods. Alternatively, the GNN offers a reduction of the
background (i.e. false positive) rate by over a factor 8 (to below
half a percent) at a fixed signal efficiency. For the
reconstruction of energy, direction, and interaction vertex, the
resolution improves by an average of 13%–20% compared to current
maximum likelihood techniques in the energy range of
1 GeV–30 GeV. The GNN, when run on a GPU, is capable of
processing IceCube events at a rate nearly double of the median
IceCube trigger rate of 2.7 kHz, which opens the possibility of
using low energy neutrinos in online searches for transient events.
