Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

The joint capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and JWST allow for an unparalleled look at the early lives of star clusters at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. We present here a multiband analysis of embedded young stellar clusters in 11 nearby, star-forming galaxies, using the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST data sets. We use the Zooniverse citizen science platform to conduct an initial by-eye search for embedded clusters in near-UV/optical/near-infrared images that trace stellar continuum emission, the Paschenα and Hα recombination lines, and the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon feature and its underlying continuum. With this approach, we identify 292 embedded cluster candidates for which we characterize their ages, masses, and levels of line-of-sight extinction by comparing the photometric data to predictions from stellar population models. The embedded cluster candidates have a median age of 4.5 Myr and an average line-of-sight extinction 〈AV〉 = 6.0 mag. We determine lower limits on source stellar masses, resulting in a median stellar mass of 103 M⊙. We use this sample of embedded cluster candidates to train multiple convolutional neural network models to carry out deep transfer learning-based searches for embedded clusters. With the aim of optimizing models for future catalog production, we compare results for four variations of training data using two neural networks. Confusion matrices for all eight model configurations, as well as inter-model identification trends, are presented. With refinement of the training sample, we determine that optimized models could serve as a pathway for future embedded cluster identification beyond our 11 galaxy sample.

Abstract:

Disentangling the (co-)evolution of individual galaxy structural components remains a difficult task, owing to the inability to cleanly isolate light from spatially overlapping components. In this pilot study of PGC 044931, observed as part of the GECKOS survey, we utilise a VIRCAM H-band image to decompose the galaxy into five photometric components, three of which dominate by contributing > 50% of light in specific regions: a main disc, a boxy/peanut bulge, and a nuclear disc. When the photometric decompositions are mapped onto MUSE observations, we find remarkably good separation in stellar kinematic space. All three structures occupy unique locations in the parameter space of the ratio of the light-weighted stellar line-of-sight mean velocity and velocity dispersion (V⋆/σ⋆), and the high-order stellar skew (h3). These clear and distinct kinematic behaviours allow us to make inferences about the formation histories of the individual components from observations of the mean stellar ages and metallicities of the three components. A clear story emerges: the main disc built over a sustained and extended star formation phase, possibly partly fuelled by gas from a lowmetallicity reservoir. Early on, that disc formed a bar that buckled and subsequently formed a nuclear disc in multiple and enriched star-formation episodes. This result is an example of how careful photometric decompositions, combined with spatially well-resolved stellar kinematic information, can help separate out age-metallicity relations of different components and therefore disentangle the formation history of a galaxy. The results of this pilot study can be extended to a differential study of all GECKOS survey galaxies to assert the true diversity of Milky Way-like galaxies.