Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam
Instruments MDPI 10:1 (2026) 18
Authors:
S Abbaslu, A Abed Abud, R Acciarri, LP Accorsi, MA Acero, MR Adames, G Adamov, M Adamowski, C Adriano, F Akbar, F Alemanno, NS Alex, K Allison, M Alrashed, A Alton, R Alvarez, T Alves, A Aman, H Amar, P Amedo, J Anderson, DA Andrade, C Andreopoulos, M Andreotti, MP Andrews, F Andrianala, S Andringa, F Anjarazafy, S Ansarifard, D Antic, M Antoniassi, A Aranda-Fernandez, L Arellano, E Arrieta Diaz, MA Arroyave, M Arteropons, J Asaadi, M Ascencio, A Ashkenazi, D Asner, L Asquith, E Atkin, D Auguste, A Aurisano, V Aushev, D Autiero, D Ávila Gómez, MB Azam, F Azfar, A Back, JJ Back, Y Bae, I Bagaturia, L Bagby, D Baigarashev, S Balasubramanian, A Balboni, P Baldi, W Baldini, J Baldonedo, B Baller, B Bambah, F Barao, D Barbu, G Barenboim, P B̃arham Alzás, GJ Barker, W Barkhouse, G Barr, A Barros, N Barros, D Barrow, JL Barrow, A Basharina-Freshville, A Bashyal, V Basque, M Bassani, D Basu, C Batchelor, L Bathe-Peters, JBR Battat, F Battisti, J Bautista, F Bay, JLL Bazo Alba, JF Beacom, E Bechetoille, B Behera, E Belchior, B Bell, G Bell, L Bellantoni, G Bellettini, V Bellini, O Beltramello, A Belyaev, C Benitez Montiel, D Benjamin, F Bento Neves, J Berger, S Berkman, J Bermudez, J Bernal, P Bernardini, A Bersani, E Bertholet, E Bertolini, S Bertolucci, M Betancourt, A Betancur Rodríguez, Y Bezawada, AT Bezerra, A Bhat, V Bhatnagar, M Bhattacharjee, S Bhattacharjee, M Bhattacharya, S Bhuller, B Bhuyan, S Biagi, J Bian, K Biery, B Bilki, M Bishai, A Blake, FD Blaszczyk, GC Blazey, E Blucher, B Bogart, J Boissevain, S Bolognesi, T Bolton, L Bomben, M Bonesini, C Bonilla-Diaz, A Booth, F Boran, R Borges Merlo, N Bostan, G Botogoske, B Bottino, R Bouet, J Boza, J Bracinik, B Brahma, D Brailsford, F Bramati, A Branca, A Brandt, J Bremer, SJ Brice, V Brio, C Brizzolari, C Bromberg, J Brooke, A Bross, G Brunetti, MB Brunetti, N Buchanan, H Budd, J Buergi, A Bundock, D Burgardt, S Butchart, G Caceres V., R Calabrese, R Calabrese, J Calcutt, L Calivers, E Calvo, A Caminata, AF Camino, W Campanelli, A Campani, A Campos Benitez, N Canci, J Capó, I Caracas, D Caratelli, D Carber, JM Carceller, G Carini, B Carlus, MF Carneiro, P Carniti, I Caro Terrazas, H Carranza, N Carrara, L Carroll, T Carroll, A Carter, E Casarejos, D Casazza, JF Castaño Forero, FA Castaño, C Castromonte, E Catano-Mur, C Cattadori, F Cavalier, F Cavanna, S Centro, G Cerati, C Cerna, A Cervelli, A Cervera Villanueva, J Chakrani, M Chalifour, A Chappell, A Chatterjee, B Chauhan, C Chavez Barajas, H Chen, M Chen, WC Chen, Y Chen, Z Chen, D Cherdack, SS Chhibra, C Chi, F Chiapponi, R Chirco, N Chitirasreemadam, K Cho, S Choate, G Choi, D Chokheli, PS Chong, B Chowdhury, D Christian, M Chung, E Church, MF Cicala, M Cicerchia, V Cicero, R Ciolini, P Clarke, G Cline, AG Cocco, JAB Coelho, A Cohen, J Collazo, J Collot, H Combs, JM Conrad, L Conti, T Contreras, M Convery, K Conway, S Copello, P Cova, C Cox, L Cremonesi, JI Crespo-Anadón, M Crisler, E Cristaldo, J Crnkovic, G Crone, R Cross, A Cudd, C Cuesta, Y Cui, F Curciarello, D Cussans, J Dai, O Dalager, W Dallaway, R D’Amico, H da Motta, ZA Dar, R Darby, L Da Silva Peres, Q David, GS Davies, S Davini, J Dawson, R De Aguiar, P Debbins, MP Decowski, A de Gouvêa, PC De Holanda, P De Jong, P Del Amo Sanchez, G De Lauretis, A Delbart, M Delgado, A Dell’Acqua, G Delle Monache, N Delmonte, P De Lurgio, R Demario, G De Matteis, JRT de Mello Neto, APA De Mendonca, DM DeMuth, S Dennis, C Densham, P Denton, GW Deptuch, A De Roeck, V De Romeri, JP Detje, J Devine, K Dhanmeher, R Dharmapalan, M Dias, A Diaz, JS Díaz, F Díaz, F Di Capua, A Di Domenico, S Di Domizio, S Di Falco, L Di Giulio, P Ding, L Di Noto, E Diociaiuti, G Di Sciascio, V Di Silvestre, C Distefano, R Di Stefano, R Diurba, M Diwan, Z Djurcic, S Dolan, M Dolce, MJ Dolinski, D Domenici, S Dominguez, S Donati, S Doran, D Douglas, TA Doyle, F Drielsma, D Duchesneau, K Duffy, K Dugas, P Dunne, B Dutta, DA Dwyer, AS Dyshkant, S Dytman, M Eads, A Earle, S Edayath, D Edmunds, J Eisch, W Emark, P Englezos, A Ereditato, T Erjavec, CO Escobar, JJ Evans, E Ewart, AC Ezeribe, K Fahey, A Falcone, M Fani’, D Faragher, C Farnese, Y Farzan, J Felix, Y Feng, M Ferreira da Silva, G Ferry, E Fialova, L Fields, P Filip, A Filkins, F Filthaut, G Fiorillo, M Fiorini, S Fogarty, W Foreman, J Fowler, J Franc, K Francis, D Franco, J Franklin, J Freeman, J Fried, A Friedland, M Fucci, S Fuess, IK Furic, K Furman, AP Furmanski, R Gaba, A Gabrielli, AM Gago, F Galizzi, H Gallagher, M Galli, N Gallice, V Galymov, E Gamberini, T Gamble, R Gandhi, S Ganguly, F Gao, S Gao, D Garcia-Gamez, MÁ García-Peris, S Gardiner, A Gartman, A Gauch, P Gauzzi, S Gazzana, G Ge, N Geffroy, B Gelli, S Gent, L Gerlach, A Ghosh, T Giammaria, D Gibin, I Gil-Botella, A Gioiosa, S Giovannella, AK Giri, V Giusti, D Gnani, O Gogota, S Gollapinni, K Gollwitzer, RA Gomes, LS Gomez Fajardo, D Gonzalez-Diaz, J Gonzalez-Santome, MC Goodman, S Goswami, C Gotti, J Goudeau, C Grace, E Gramellini, R Gran, P Granger, C Grant, DR Gratieri, G Grauso, P Green, S Greenberg, WC Griffith, K Grzelak, L Gu, W Gu, V Guarino, M Guarise, R Guenette, M Guerzoni, D Guffanti, A Guglielmi, FY Guo, A Gupta, V Gupta, G Gurung, D Gutierrez, P Guzowski, MM Guzzo, S Gwon, A Habig, L Haegel, R Hafeji, L Hagaman, A Hahn, J Hakenmüller, T Hamernik, P Hamilton, J Hancock, M Handley, F Happacher, B Harris, DA Harris, L Harris, AL Hart, J Hartnell, T Hartnett, J Harton, T Hasegawa, CM Hasnip, R Hatcher, S Hawkins, J Hays, M He, A Heavey, KM Heeger, A Heindel, J Heise, P Hellmuth, L Henderson, K Herner, V Hewes, A Higuera, A Himmel, E Hinkle, LR Hirsch, J Ho, J Hoefken Zink, J Hoff, A Holin, T Holvey, C Hong, S Horiuchi, GA Horton-Smith, R Hosokawa, T Houdy, B Howard, R Howell, I Hristova, MS Hronek, H Hua, J Huang, RG Huang, X Huang, Z Hulcher, A Hussain, G Iles, N Ilic, AM Iliescu, R Illingworth, G Ingratta, A Ioannisian, M Ismerio Oliveira, CM Jackson, V Jain, E James, W Jang, B Jargowsky, D Jena, I Jentz, C Jiang, J Jiang, A Jipa, JH Jo, FR Joaquim, W Johnson, C Jollet, R Jones, N Jovancevic, M Judah, CK Jung, KY Jung, T Junk, Y Jwa, M Kabirnezhad, AC Kaboth, I Kadenko, O Kalikulov, D Kalra, M Kandemir, S Kar, G Karagiorgi, G Karaman, A Karcher, Y Karyotakis, SP Kasetti, L Kashur, A Kauther, N Kazaryan, L Ke, E Kearns, PT Keener, KJ Kelly, R Keloth, E Kemp, O Kemularia, Y Kermaidic, W Ketchum, SH Kettell, N Khan, A Khvedelidze, D Kim, J Kim, MJ Kim, S Kim, B King, M King, M Kirby, A Kish, J Klein, J Kleykamp, A Klustova, T Kobilarcik, L Koch, K Koehler, LW Koerner, DH Koh, M Kordosky, T Kosc, VA Kostelecký, I Kotler, W Krah, R Kralik, M Kramer, F Krennrich, T Kroupova, S Kubota, M Kubu, VA Kudryavtsev, G Kufatty, S Kuhlmann, A Kumar, J Kumar, M Kumar, P Kumar, P Kumar, S Kumaran, J Kunzmann, V Kus, T Kutter, J Kvasnicka, T Labree, M Lachat, T Lackey, I Lalău, A Lambert, BJ Land, CE Lane, N Lane, K Lang, T Langford, M Langstaff, F Lanni, J Larkin, P Lasorak, D Last, A Laundrie, G Laurenti, E Lavaut, H Lay, I Lazanu, R LaZur, M Lazzaroni, S Leardini, J Learned, T LeCompte, G Lehmann Miotto, R Lehnert, M Leitner, H Lemoine, D Leon Silverio, LM Lepin, J-Y Li, SW Li, Y Li, R Lima, CS Lin, D Lindebaum, S Linden, RA Lineros, A Lister, BR Littlejohn, J Liu, Y Liu, S Lockwitz, I Lomidze, K Long, J Lopez, I López de Rego, N López-March, JM LoSecco, A Lozano Sanchez, X-G Lu, KB Luk, X Luo, E Luppi, AA Machado, P Machado, CT Macias, JR Macier, M MacMahon, S Magill, C Magueur, K Mahn, A Maio, N Majeed, A Major, K Majumdar, A Malige, S Mameli, M Man, RC Mandujano, J Maneira, S Manly, K Manolopoulos, M Manrique Plata, S Manthey Corchado, L Manzanillas-Velez, E Mao, M Marchan, A Marchionni, D Marfatia, C Mariani, J Maricic, F Marinho, AD Marino, T Markiewicz, F Das Chagas Marques, M Marshak, CM Marshall, J Marshall, L Martina, J Martín-Albo, DA Martinez Caicedo, M Martinez-Casales, F Martínez López, S Martynenko, V Mascagna, A Mastbaum, M Masud, F Matichard, G Matteucci, J Matthews, C Mauger, N Mauri, K Mavrokoridis, I Mawby, F Mayhew, T McAskill, N McConkey, B McConnell, KS McFarland, C McGivern, C McGrew, A McNab, C McNulty, J Mead, L Meazza, VCN Meddage, A Medhi, M Mehmood, B Mehta, P Mehta, F Mei, P Melas, L Mellet, TCD Melo, O Mena, H Mendez, DP Méndez, A Menegolli, G Meng, ACEA Mercuri, A Meregaglia, MD Messier, S Metallo, W Metcalf, M Mewes, H Meyer, T Miao, J Micallef, A Miccoli, G Michna, R Milincic, F Miller, G Miller, W Miller, A Minotti, L Miralles Verge, C Mironov, S Miscetti, CS Mishra, P Mishra, SR Mishra, D Mladenov, I Mocioiu, A Mogan, R Mohanta, TA Mohayai, N Mokhov, J Molina, L Molina Bueno, E Montagna, A Montanari, C Montanari, D Montanari, D Montanino, LM Montaño Zetina, M Mooney, AF Moor, M Moore, Z Moore, D Moreno, G Moreno-Granados, O Moreno-Palacios, L Morescalchi, C Morris, E Motuk, CA Moura, G Mouster, W Mu, L Mualem, J Mueller, M Muether, A Muir, Y Mukhamejanov, A Mukhamejanova, M Mulhearn, D Munford, LJ Munteanu, H Muramatsu, J Muraz, M 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W Pellico, E Pennacchio, A Penzo, OLG Peres, YF Perez Gonzalez, L Pérez-Molina, C Pernas, J Perry, D Pershey, G Pessina, G Petrillo, C Petta, R Petti, M Pfaff, V Pia, GM Piacentino, L Pickering, L Pierini, F Pietropaolo, VL Pimentel, G Pinaroli, S Pincha, J Pinchault, K Pitts, P Plesniak, K Pletcher, K Plows, C Pollack, T Pollmann, F Pompa, X Pons, N Poonthottathil, V Popov, F Poppi, J Porter, LG Porto Paixão, M Potekhin, M Pozzato, R Pradhan, T Prakash, M Prest, F Psihas, D Pugnere, D Pullia, X Qian, J Queen, JL Raaf, M Rabelhofer, V Radeka, J Rademacker, F Raffaelli, A Rafique, A Rahe, S Rajagopalan, M Rajaoalisoa, I Rakhno, L Rakotondravohitra, MA Ralaikoto, L Ralte, MA Ramirez Delgado, B Ramson, SS Randriamanampisoa, A Rappoldi, G Raselli, T Rath, P Ratoff, R Ray, H Razafinime, RF Razakamiandra, EM Rea, JS Real, B Rebel, R Rechenmacher, J Reichenbacher, SD Reitzner, E Renner, S Repetto, S Rescia, F Resnati, C Reynolds, M Ribas, S Riboldi, C Riccio, G Riccobene, JS Ricol, M Rigan, A 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Abstract:
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector is a prototype of a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprising a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4-tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume—the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon antineutrino events.
