The ATLAS3D project - X. On the origin of the molecular and ionized gas in early-type galaxies
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 417:2 (2011) 882-899
Authors:
TA Davis, K Alatalo, M Sarzi, M Bureau, LM Young, L Blitz, P Serra, AF Crocker, D Krajnović, RM McDermid, M Bois, F Bournaud, M Cappellari, RL Davies, PA Duc, PT de Zeeuw, E Emsellem, S Khochfar, H Kuntschner, PY Lablanche, R Morganti, T Naab, T Oosterloo, N Scott, AM WeijmansAbstract:
We make use of interferometric CO and Hi observations, and optical integral-field spectroscopy from the ATLAS3D survey, to probe the origin of the molecular and ionized interstellar medium (ISM) in local early-type galaxies. We find that 36 ± 5 per cent of our sample of fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their ionized gas kinematically misaligned with respect to the stars, setting a strong lower limit on the importance of externally acquired gas (e.g. from mergers and cold accretion). Slow rotators have a flat distribution of misalignments, indicating that the dominant source of gas is external. The molecular, ionized and atomic gas in all the detected galaxies are always kinematically aligned, even when they are misaligned from the stars, suggesting that all these three phases of the ISM share a common origin. In addition, we find that the origin of the cold and warm gas in fast-rotating early-type galaxies is strongly affected by environment, despite the molecular gas detection rate and mass fractions being fairly independent of group/cluster membership. Galaxies in dense groups and the Virgo cluster nearly always have their molecular gas kinematically aligned with the stellar kinematics, consistent with a purely internal origin (presumably stellar mass loss). In the field, however, kinematic misalignments between the stellar and gaseous components indicate that at least 42 ± 5 per cent of local fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their gas supplied from external sources. When one also considers evidence of accretion present in the galaxies' atomic gas distributions, ≳46 per cent of fast-rotating field ETGs are likely to have acquired a detectable amount of ISM from accretion and mergers. We discuss several scenarios which could explain the environmental dichotomy, including preprocessing in galaxy groups/cluster outskirts and the morphological transformation of spiral galaxies, but we find it difficult to simultaneously explain the kinematic misalignment difference and the constant detection rate. Furthermore, our results suggest that galaxy mass may be an important independent factor associated with the origin of the gas, with the most massive fast-rotating galaxies in our sample (MK≲-24mag; stellar mass of ≈8 × 1010 M⊙) always having kinematically aligned gas. This mass dependence appears to be independent of environment, suggesting it is caused by a separate physical mechanism. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS.The ATLAS3D project - VIII. Modelling the formation and evolution of fast and slow rotator early-type galaxies within ΛCDM
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 417:2 (2011) 845-862
Authors:
S Khochfar, E Emsellem, P Serra, M Bois, K Alatalo, R Bacon, L Blitz, F Bournaud, M Bureau, M Cappellari, RL Davies, TA Davis, PT de Zeeuw, PA Duc, D Krajnović, H Kuntschner, PY Lablanche, RM McDermid, R Morganti, T Naab, T Oosterloo, M Sarzi, N Scott, AM Weijmans, LM YoungAbstract:
We propose a simple model for the origin of fast and slow rotator early-type galaxies (ETG) within the hierarchical Λcold dark matter (ΛCDM) scenario, that is based on the assumption that the mass fraction of stellar discs in ETGs is a proxy for the specific angular momentum expressed via λR. Within our model we reproduce the fraction of fast and slow rotators as a function of magnitude in the ATLAS3D survey, assuming that fast-rotating ETGs have at least 10 per cent of their total stellar mass in a disc component. In agreement with ATLAS3D observations we find that slow rotators are predominantly galaxies with M* > 1010.5M⊙ contributing ~20 per cent to the overall ETG population. We show in detail that the growth histories of fast and slow rotators are different, supporting the classification of ETGs into these two categories. Slow rotators accrete between ~50 and 90 per cent of their stellar mass from satellites and their most massive progenitors have on average up to three major mergers during their evolution. Fast rotators in contrast accrete less than 50 per cent and have on average less than one major merger in their past. We find that the underlying physical reason for the different growth histories is the slowing down and ultimately complete shut-down of gas cooling in massive galaxies. Once cooling and associated star formation in disc stop, galaxies grow via infall from satellites. Frequent minor mergers thereby destroy existing stellar discs via violent relaxation and also tend to lower the specific angular momentum of the main stellar body, lowering λR into the slow rotator regime. On average, the last gas-rich major merger interaction in slow rotators happens at z > 1.5, followed by a series of minor mergers. These results support the idea that kinematically decoupled cores (KDC) form during gas-rich major mergers at high z followed by minor mergers, which build-up the outer layers of the remnant, and make remnants that are initially too flat compared to observations become rounder. Fast rotators are less likely to form such KDCs due to the fact that they have on average less than one major merger in their past. Fast rotators in our model have different formation paths. The majority, 78 per cent, has bulge-to-total stellar mass ratios (B/T) > 0.5 and managed to grow stellar discs due to continued gas cooling or bulges due to frequent minor mergers. The remaining 22 per cent live in high-density environments and consist of low B/T galaxies with gas fractions below 15 per cent, that have exhausted their cold gas reservoir and have no hot halo from which gas can cool. These fast rotators most likely resemble the flattened disc-like fast rotators in the ATLAS3D survey. Our results predict that ETGs can change their state from fast to slow rotator and vice versa, while the former is taking place predominantly at low z (z < 2), the latter is occurring during cosmic epochs when cooling times are short and galaxies gas-rich. We predict that the ratio of the number density of slow to fast rotators is a strong function of redshift, with massive (>1010M⊙) fast rotators being more than one order of magnitude more frequent at z~ 2. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS.Inclusive search for same-sign dilepton signatures in pp collisions at TeV with the ATLAS detector
Journal of High Energy Physics Springer Nature 2011:10 (2011) 107
Authors:
ATLAS collaboration, G Aad, B Abbott, J Abdallah, AA Abdelalim, A Abdesselam, O Abdinov, B Abi, M Abolins, H Abramowicz, H Abreu, E Acerbi, BS Acharya, DL Adams, TN Addy, J Adelman, M Aderholz, S Adomeit, P Adragna, T Adye, S Aefsky, JA Aguilar-Saavedra, M Aharrouche, SP Ahlen, F Ahles, A Ahmad, M Ahsan, G Aielli, T Akdogan, TPA Åkesson, G Akimoto, AV Akimov, A Akiyama, MS Alam, MA Alam, S Albrand, M Aleksa, IN Aleksandrov, F Alessandria, C Alexa, G Alexander, G Alexandre, T Alexopoulos, M Alhroob, M Aliev, G Alimonti, J Alison, M Aliyev, PP Allport, SE Allwood-Spiers, J Almond, A Aloisio, R Alon, A Alonso, MG Alviggi, K Amako, P Amaral, C Amelung, VV Ammosov, A Amorim, G Amorós, N Amram, C Anastopoulos, T Andeen, CF Anders, KJ Anderson, A Andreazza, V Andrei, M-L Andrieux, XS Anduaga, A Angerami, F Anghinolfi, N Anjos, A Annovi, A Antonaki, M Antonelli, S Antonelli, A Antonov, J Antos, F Anulli, S Aoun, L Aperio Bella, R Apolle, G Arabidze, I Aracena, Y Arai, ATH Arce, JP Archambault, S Arfaoui, J-F Arguin, E Arik, M Arik, AJ Armbruster, O Arnaez, C Arnault, A Artamonov, G Artoni, D Arutinov, S Asai, R Asfandiyarov, S Ask, B Åsman, L Asquith, K Assamagan, A Astbury, A Astvatsatourov, G Atoian, B Aubert, B Auerbach, E Auge, K Augsten, M Aurousseau, N Austin, R Avramidou, D Axen, C Ay, G Azuelos, Y Azuma, MA Baak, G Baccaglioni, C Bacci, AM Bach, H Bachacou, K Bachas, G Bachy, M Backes, M Backhaus, E Badescu, P Bagnaia, S Bahinipati, Y Bai, DC Bailey, T Bain, JT Baines, OK Baker, MD Baker, S Baker, F Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, E Banas, P Banerjee, Sw Banerjee, D Banfi, A Bangert, V Bansal, HS Bansil, L Barak, SP Baranov, A Barashkou, A Barbaro Galtieri, T Barber, EL Barberio, D Barberis, M Barbero, DY Bardin, T Barillari, M Barisonzi, T Barklow, N Barlow, BM Barnett, RM Barnett, A Baroncelli, AJ Barr, F Barreiro, J Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, P Barrillon, R Bartoldus, AE Barton, D Bartsch, V Bartsch, RL Bates, L Batkova, JR Batley, A Battaglia, M Battistin, G Battistoni, F Bauer, HS Bawa, B Beare, T Beau, PH Beauchemin, R Beccherle, P Bechtle, HP Beck, M Beckingham, KH Becks, AJ Beddall, A Beddall, S Bedikian, VA Bednyakov, CP Bee, M Begel, S Behar Harpaz, PK Behera, M Beimforde, C Belanger-Champagne, PJ Bell, WH Bell, G Bella, L Bellagamba, F Bellina, M Bellomo, A Belloni, O Beloborodova, K Belotskiy, O Beltramello, S Ben Ami, O Benary, D Benchekroun, C Benchouk, M Bendel, BH Benedict, N Benekos, Y Benhammou, DP Benjamin, M Benoit, JR Bensinger, S Bentvelsen, D Berge, E Bergeaas Kuutmann, N Berger, F Berghaus, E Berglund, J Beringer, K Bernardet, P Bernat, R Bernhard, C Bernius, T Berry, A Bertin, F Bertinelli, F Bertolucci, MI Besana, N Besson, S Bethke, W Bhimji, RM Bianchi, M Bianco, O Biebel, SP Bieniek, J Biesiada, M Biglietti, H Bilokon, M Bindi, S Binet, A Bingul, C Bini, C Biscarat, U Bitenc, KM Black, RE Blair, J-B Blanchard, G Blanchot, T Blazek, C Blocker, J Blocki, A Blondel, W Blum, U Blumenschein, GJ Bobbink, VB Bobrovnikov, SS Bocchetta, A Bocci, CR Boddy, M Boehler, J Boek, N Boelaert, S Böser, JA Bogaerts, A Bogdanchikov, A Bogouch, C Bohm, V Boisvert, T Bold, V Boldea, NM Bolnet, M Bona, VG Bondarenko, M Boonekamp, G Boorman, CN Booth, S Bordoni, C Borer, A Borisov, G Borissov, I Borjanovic, S Borroni, K Bos, D Boscherini, M Bosman, H Boterenbrood, D Botterill, J Bouchami, J Boudreau, EV Bouhova-Thacker, C Boulahouache, C Bourdarios, N Bousson, A Boveia, J Boyd, IR Boyko, NI Bozhko, I Bozovic-Jelisavcic, J Bracinik, A Braem, P Branchini, GW Brandenburg, A Brandt, G Brandt, O Brandt, U Bratzler, B Brau, JE Brau, HM Braun, B Brelier, J Bremer, R Brenner, S Bressler, D Breton, D Britton, FM Brochu, I Brock, R Brock, TJ Brodbeck, E Brodet, F Broggi, C Bromberg, G Brooijmans, WK Brooks, G Brown, H Brown, E Brubaker, PA Bruckman de Renstrom, D Bruncko, R Bruneliere, S Brunet, A Bruni, G Bruni, M Bruschi, T Buanes, F Bucci, J Buchanan, NJ Buchanan, P Buchholz, RM Buckingham, AG Buckley, SI Buda, IA Budagov, B Budick, V Büscher, L Bugge, D Buira-Clark, O Bulekov, M Bunse, T Buran, H Burckhart, S Burdin, T Burgess, S Burke, E Busato, P Bussey, CP Buszello, F Butin, B Butler, JM Butler, CM Buttar, JM Butterworth, W Buttinger, T Byatt, S Cabrera Urbán, D Caforio, O Cakir, P Calafiura, G Calderini, P Calfayan, R Calkins, LP Caloba, R Caloi, D Calvet, S Calvet, R Camacho Toro, A Camard, P Camarri, M Cambiaghi, D Cameron, J Cammin, S Campana, M Campanelli, V Canale, F Canelli, A Canepa, J Cantero, L Capasso, MDM Capeans Garrido, I Caprini, M Caprini, D Capriotti, M Capua, R Caputo, C Caramarcu, R Cardarelli, T Carli, G Carlino, L Carminati, B Caron, S Caron, GD Carrillo Montoya, AA Carter, JR Carter, J Carvalho, D Casadei, MP Casado, M Cascella, C Caso, AM Castaneda Hernandez, E Castaneda-Miranda, V Castillo Gimenez, NF Castro, G Cataldi, F Cataneo, A Catinaccio, JR Catmore, A Cattai, G Cattani, S Caughron, D Cauz, P Cavalleri, D Cavalli, M Cavalli-Sforza, V Cavasinni, A Cazzato, F Ceradini, AS Cerqueira, A Cerri, L Cerrito, F Cerutti, SA Cetin, F Cevenini, A Chafaq, D Chakraborty, K Chan, B Chapleau, JD Chapman, JW Chapman, E Chareyre, DG Charlton, V Chavda, S Cheatham, S Chekanov, SV Chekulaev, GA Chelkov, MA Chelstowska, C Chen, H Chen, L Chen, S Chen, T Chen, X Chen, S Cheng, A Cheplakov, VF Chepurnov, R Cherkaoui El Moursli, V Chernyatin, E Cheu, SL Cheung, L Chevalier, G Chiefari, L Chikovani, JT Childers, A Chilingarov, G Chiodini, MV Chizhov, G Choudalakis, S Chouridou, IA Christidi, A Christov, D Chromek-Burckhart, ML Chu, J Chudoba, G Ciapetti, K Ciba, AK Ciftci, R Ciftci, D Cinca, V Cindro, MD Ciobotaru, C Ciocca, A Ciocio, M Cirilli, M Ciubancan, A Clark, PJ Clark, W Cleland, JC Clemens, B Clement, C Clement, RW Clifft, Y Coadou, M Cobal, A Coccaro, J Cochran, P Coe, JG Cogan, J Coggeshall, E Cogneras, CD Cojocaru, J Colas, AP Colijn, C Collard, NJ Collins, C Collins-Tooth, J Collot, G Colon, P Conde Muiño, E Coniavitis, MC Conidi, M Consonni, S Constantinescu, C Conta, F Conventi, J Cook, M Cooke, BD Cooper, AM Cooper-Sarkar, NJ Cooper-Smith, K Copic, T Cornelissen, M Corradi, F Corriveau, A Cortes-Gonzalez, G Cortiana, G Costa, MJ Costa, D Costanzo, T Costin, D Côté, R Coura Torres, L Courneyea, G Cowan, C Cowden, BE Cox, K Cranmer, F Crescioli, M Cristinziani, G Crosetti, R Crupi, S Crépé-Renaudin, C-M Cuciuc, C Cuenca Almenar, T Cuhadar Donszelmann, S Cuneo, M Curatolo, CJ Curtis, P Cwetanski, H Czirr, Z Czyczula, S D’Auria, M D’Onofrio, A D’Orazio, A Da Rocha Gesualdi Mello, PVM Da Silva, C Da Via, W Dabrowski, A Dahlhoff, T Dai, C Dallapiccola, M Dam, M Dameri, DS Damiani, HO Danielsson, D Dannheim, V Dao, G Darbo, GL Darlea, C Daum, JP Dauvergne, W Davey, T Davidek, N Davidson, R Davidson, M Davies, AR Davison, E Dawe, I Dawson, JW Dawson, RK Daya, K De, R de Asmundis, S De Castro, PE De Castro Faria Salgado, S De Cecco, J de Graat, N De Groot, P de Jong, C De La Taille, H De la Torre, B De Lotto, L De Mora, L De Nooij, M De Oliveira Branco, D De Pedis, P de Saintignon, A De Salvo, U De Sanctis, A De Santo, JB De Vivie De Regie, S Dean, DV Dedovich, J Degenhardt, M Dehchar, M Deile, C Del Papa, J Del Peso, T Del Prete, A Dell’Acqua, L Dell’Asta, M Della Pietra, D della Volpe, M Delmastro, P Delpierre, N Delruelle, PA Delsart, C Deluca, S Demers, M Demichev, B Demirkoz, J Deng, SP Denisov, D Derendarz, JE Derkaoui, F Derue, P Dervan, K Desch, E Devetak, PO Deviveiros, A Dewhurst, B DeWilde, S Dhaliwal, R Dhullipudi, A Di Ciaccio, L Di Ciaccio, A Di Girolamo, B Di Girolamo, S Di Luise, A Di Mattia, B Di Micco, R Di Nardo, A Di Simone, R Di Sipio, MA Diaz, F Diblen, EB Diehl, H Dietl, J Dietrich, TA Dietzsch, S Diglio, K Dindar Yagci, J Dingfelder, C Dionisi, P Dita, S Dita, F Dittus, F Djama, R Djilkibaev, T Djobava, MAB do Vale, A Do Valle Wemans, TKO Doan, M Dobbs, R Dobinson, D Dobos, E Dobson, M Dobson, J Dodd, OB Dogan, C Doglioni, T Doherty, Y Doi, J Dolejsi, I Dolenc, Z Dolezal, BA Dolgoshein, T Dohmae, M Donadelli, M Donega, J Donini, J Dopke, A Doria, A Dos Anjos, M Dosil, A Dotti, MT Dova, JD Dowell, AD Doxiadis, AT Doyle, Z Drasal, J Drees, N Dressnandt, H Drevermann, C Driouichi, M Dris, J Dubbert, T Dubbs, S Dube, E Duchovni, G Duckeck, A Dudarev, F Dudziak, M Dührssen, IP Duerdoth, L Duflot, M-A Dufour, M Dunford, H Duran Yildiz, R Duxfield, M Dwuznik, F Dydak, D Dzahini, M Düren, WL Ebenstein, J Ebke, S Eckert, S Eckweiler, K Edmonds, CA Edwards, W Ehrenfeld, T Ehrich, T Eifert, G Eigen, K Einsweiler, E Eisenhandler, T Ekelof, M El Kacimi, M Ellert, S Elles, F Ellinghaus, K Ellis, N Ellis, J Elmsheuser, M Elsing, R Ely, D Emeliyanov, R Engelmann, A Engl, B Epp, A Eppig, J Erdmann, A Ereditato, D Eriksson, J Ernst, M Ernst, J Ernwein, D Errede, S Errede, E Ertel, M Escalier, C Escobar, X Espinal Curull, B Esposito, F Etienne, AI Etienvre, E Etzion, D Evangelakou, H Evans, L Fabbri, C Fabre, RM Fakhrutdinov, S Falciano, AC Falou, Y Fang, M Fanti, A Farbin, A Farilla, J Farley, T Farooque, SM Farrington, P Farthouat, P Fassnacht, D Fassouliotis, B Fatholahzadeh, A Favareto, L Fayard, S Fazio, R Febbraro, P Federic, OL Fedin, I Fedorko, W Fedorko, M Fehling-Kaschek, L Feligioni, D Fellmann, CU Felzmann, C Feng, EJ Feng, AB Fenyuk, J Ferencei, J Ferland, W Fernando, S Ferrag, J Ferrando, V Ferrara, A Ferrari, P Ferrari, R Ferrari, A Ferrer, ML Ferrer, D Ferrere, C Ferretti, A Ferretto Parodi, M Fiascaris, F Fiedler, A Filipčič, A Filippas, F Filthaut, M Fincke-Keeler, MCN Fiolhais, L Fiorini, A Firan, G Fischer, P Fischer, MJ Fisher, SM Fisher, CJ Flacco, M Flechl, I Fleck, J Fleckner, P Fleischmann, S Fleischmann, T Flick, LR Flores Castillo, MJ Flowerdew, F Föhlisch, M Fokitis, T Fonseca Martin, DA Forbush, A Formica, A Forti, D Fortin, JM Foster, D Fournier, A Foussat, AJ Fowler, K Fowler, H Fox, P Francavilla, S Franchino, D Francis, T Frank, M Franklin, S Franz, M Fraternali, S Fratina, ST French, R Froeschl, D Froidevaux, JA Frost, C Fukunaga, E Fullana Torregrosa, J Fuster, C Gabaldon, O Gabizon, T Gadfort, S Gadomski, G Gagliardi, P Gagnon, C Galea, EJ Gallas, MV Gallas, V Gallo, BJ Gallop, P Gallus, E Galyaev, KK Gan, YS Gao, VA Gapienko, A Gaponenko, F Garberson, M Garcia-Sciveres, C García, JE García Navarro, RW Gardner, N Garelli, H Garitaonandia, V Garonne, J Garvey, C Gatti, G Gaudio, O Gaumer, B Gaur, L Gauthier, IL Gavrilenko, C Gay, G Gaycken, J-C Gayde, EN Gazis, P Ge, CNP Gee, DAA Geerts, Ch Geich-Gimbel, K Gellerstedt, C Gemme, A Gemmell, MH Genest, S Gentile, M George, S George, P Gerlach, A Gershon, C Geweniger, H Ghazlane, P Ghez, N Ghodbane, B Giacobbe, S Giagu, V Giakoumopoulou, V Giangiobbe, F Gianotti, B Gibbard, A Gibson, SM Gibson, LM Gilbert, M Gilchriese, V Gilewsky, D Gillberg, AR Gillman, DM Gingrich, J Ginzburg, N Giokaris, R Giordano, FM Giorgi, P Giovannini, PF Giraud, D Giugni, M Giunta, P Giusti, BK Gjelsten, LK Gladilin, C Glasman, J Glatzer, A Glazov, KW Glitza, GL Glonti, J Godfrey, J Godlewski, M Goebel, T Göpfert, C Goeringer, C Gössling, T Göottfert, S Goldfarb, D Goldin, T Golling, SN Golovnia, A Gomes, LS Gomez Fajardo, R Gonçalo, J Goncalves Pinto Firmino Da Costa, L Gonella, A Gonidec, S Gonzalez, S González de la Hoz, ML Gonzalez Silva, S Gonzalez-Sevilla, JJ Goodson, L Goossens, PA Gorbounov, HA Gordon, I Gorelov, G Gorfine, B Gorini, E Gorini, A Gorišek, E Gornicki, SA Gorokhov, VN Goryachev, B Gosdzik, M Gosselink, MI Gostkin, M Gouanère, I Gough Eschrich, M Gouighri, D Goujdami, MP Goulette, AG Goussiou, C Goy, I Grabowska-Bold, V Grabski, P Grafström, C Grah, K-J Grahn, F Grancagnolo, S Grancagnolo, V Grassi, V Gratchev, N Grau, HM Gray, JA Gray, E Graziani, OG Grebenyuk, D Greenfield, T Greenshaw, ZD Greenwood, IM Gregor, P Grenier, E Griesmayer, J Griffiths, N Grigalashvili, AA Grillo, S Grinstein, Ph Gris, YV Grishkevich, J-F Grivaz, J Grognuz, M Groh, E Gross, J Grosse-Knetter, J Groth-Jensen, K Grybel, VJ Guarino, D Guest, C Guicheney, A Guida, T Guillemin, S Guindon, H Guler, J Gunther, B Guo, J Guo, A Gupta, Y Gusakov, VN Gushchin, A Gutierrez, P Gutierrez, N Guttman, O Gutzwiller, C Guyot, C Gwenlan, CB Gwilliam, A Haas, S Haas, C Haber, R Hackenburg, HK Hadavand, DR Hadley, P Haefner, F Hahn, S Haider, Z Hajduk, H Hakobyan, J Haller, K Hamacher, P Hamal, A Hamilton, S Hamilton, H Han, L Han, K Hanagaki, M Hance, C Handel, P Hanke, JR Hansen, JB Hansen, JD Hansen, PH Hansen, P Hansson, K Hara, GA Hare, T Harenberg, S Harkusha, D Harper, RD Harrington, OM Harris, K Harrison, J Hartert, F Hartjes, T Haruyama, A Harvey, S Hasegawa, Y Hasegawa, S Hassani, M Hatch, D Hauff, S Haug, M Hauschild, R Hauser, M Havranek, BM Hawes, CM Hawkes, RJ Hawkings, D Hawkins, T Hayakawa, D Hayden, HS Hayward, SJ Haywood, E Hazen, M He, SJ Head, V Hedberg, L Heelan, S Heim, B Heinemann, S Heisterkamp, L Helary, M Heldmann, M Heller, S Hellman, C Helsens, RCW Henderson, M Henke, A Henrichs, AM Henriques Correia, S Henrot-Versille, F Henry-Couannier, C Hensel, 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