Zooniverse

Abstract:

We report initial results from the far-infrared fine structure line observations of a sample of 44 local starbursts, Seyfert galaxies, and infrared luminous galaxies obtained with the PACS spectrometer on board Herschel. We show that the ratio between the far-infrared luminosity and the molecular gas mass, L /M , is a much better proxy for the relative brightness of the far-infrared lines than L alone. Galaxies with high L /M ratios tend to have weaker fine structure lines relative to their far-infrared continuum than galaxies with L /M ≲ 80 L M . A deficit of the [C II] 158 μm line relative to L was previously found with the Infrared Space Observatory, but now we show for the first time that this is a general aspect of all far-infrared fine structure lines, regardless of their origin in the ionized or neutral phase of the interstellar medium. The L /M value where these line deficits start to manifest is similar to the limit that separates between the two modes of star formation recently found in galaxies on the basis of studies of their gas-star formation relations. Our finding that the properties of the interstellar medium are also significantly different in these regimes provides independent support for the different star-forming relations in normal disk galaxies and major merger systems. We use the spectral synthesis code Cloudy to model the emission of the lines. The expected increase of the ionization parameter with L /M can simultaneously explain the line deficits in the [C II], [N II], and [O I] lines. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

Abstract:

We report initial results from the far-infrared fine structure line observations of a sample of 44 local starbursts, Seyfert galaxies, and infrared luminous galaxies obtained with the PACS spectrometer on board Herschel. We show that the ratio between the far-infrared luminosity and the molecular gas mass, LFIR/MH2, is a much better proxy for the relative brightness of the far-infrared lines than LFIR alone. Galaxies with high LFIR/MH2 ratios tend to have weaker fine structure lines relative to their far-infrared continuum than galaxies with LFIR/MH2 ≲ 80 L ⊙ M⊙-1. A deficit of the [C II] 158 μm line relative to LFIR was previously found with the Infrared Space Observatory, but now we show for the first time that this is a general aspect of all far-infrared fine structure lines, regardless of their origin in the ionized or neutral phase of the interstellar medium. The L FIR/MH2 value where these line deficits start to manifest is similar to the limit that separates between the two modes of star formation recently found in galaxies on the basis of studies of their gas-star formation relations. Our finding that the properties of the interstellar medium are also significantly different in these regimes provides independent support for the different star-forming relations in normal disk galaxies and major merger systems. We use the spectral synthesis code Cloudy to model the emission of the lines. The expected increase of the ionization parameter with L FIR/MH2 can simultaneously explain the line deficits in the [C II], [N II], and [O I] lines. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

Abstract:

We present physical properties of two submillimeter selected gravitationally lensed sources, identified in the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey. These submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) have flux densities >100 mJy at 500 μm, but are not visible in existing optical imaging. We fit light profiles to each component of the lensing systems in Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm data and successfully disentangle the foreground lens from the background source in each case, providing important constraints on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the background SMG at rest-frame optical-near-infrared wavelengths. The SED fits show that these two SMGs have high dust obscuration with AV ∼ 4-5 and star formation rates of ∼ 100 M⊙ yr-1. They have low gas fractions and low dynamical masses compared with 850 μm selected galaxies. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

Abstract:

The Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) has uncovered a population of strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). The Zpectrometer instrument on the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) was used to measure the redshifts and constrain the masses of the cold molecular gas reservoirs for two candidate highredshift lensed sources. We derive CO(1-0) redshifts of z = 3.042 ± 0.001 and z = 2.625 ± 0.001, and measure molecular gas masses of (1-3) ×1010M⊙, corrected for lens amplification and assuming a conversion factor of α = 0.8 M ⊙ (Kkm s-1 pc2)-1. We find typical L(IR)/L'(CO) ratios of 120 ±40 and 140±50L ⊙ (Kkm s-1 pc2)-1, which are consistent with those found for local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) and other high-redshift SMGs. From analysis of published data, we find no evidence for enhanced L(IR)/L'(CO(1-0)) ratios for the SMG population in comparison to local ULIRGs. The GBT results highlight the power of using the CO lines to derive blind redshifts, which is challenging for the SMGs at optical wavelengths given their high obscuration. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

Abstract:

This paper presents the first results from a new citizen science project: Galaxy Zoo Supernovae. This proof-of-concept project uses members of the public to identify supernova candidates from the latest generation of wide-field imaging transient surveys. We describe the Galaxy Zoo Supernovae operations and scoring model, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this novel method using imaging data and transients from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We examine the results collected over the period 2010 April-July, during which nearly 14000 supernova candidates from the PTF were classified by more than 2500 individuals within a few hours of data collection. We compare the transients selected by the citizen scientists to those identified by experienced PTF scanners and find the agreement to be remarkable - Galaxy Zoo Supernovae performs comparably to the PTF scanners and identified as transients 93 per cent of the ∼130 spectroscopically confirmed supernovae (SNe) that the PTF located during the trial period (with no false positive identifications). Further analysis shows that only a small fraction of the lowest signal-to-noise ratio detections (r > 19.5) are given low scores: Galaxy Zoo Supernovae correctly identifies all SNe with ≥8σ detections in the PTF imaging data. The Galaxy Zoo Supernovae project has direct applicability to future transient searches, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, by both rapidly identifying candidate transient events and via the training and improvement of existing machine classifier algorithms. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS.