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Characterization of the Three-Flavor Composition of Cosmic Neutrinos with IceCube

Physical Review Letters American Physical Society (APS) 137:8 (2026) 081002

Authors:

R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, SK Agarwalla, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, JM Alameddine, S Ali, NM Amin, K Andeen, C Argüelles, Y Ashida, S Athanasiadou, SN Axani, R Babu, X Bai, J Baines-Holmes, A Balagopal V., SW Barwick, S Bash, V Basu, R Bay, JJ Beatty, J Becker Tjus, P Behrens, J Beise, C Bellenghi, B Benkel, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, E Blaufuss, L Bloom, S Blot, I Bodo, F Bontempo, JY Book Motzkin, C Boscolo Meneguolo, S Böser, O Botner, J Böttcher, J Braun, B Brinson, Z Brisson-Tsavoussis, RT Burley, D Butterfield, MA Campana, K Carloni, J Carpio, S Chattopadhyay, N Chau, Z Chen, D Chirkin, S Choi, BA Clark, A Coleman, P Coleman, GH Collin, DA Coloma Borja, A Connolly, JM Conrad, DF Cowen, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, D Delgado, T Delmeulle, S Deng, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, T DeYoung, JC Díaz-Vélez, S DiKerby, T Ding, M Dittmer, A Domi, L Draper, L Dueser, D Durnford, K Dutta, MA DuVernois, T Ehrhardt, L Eidenschink, A Eimer, P Eller, E Ellinger, D Elsässer, R Engel, H Erpenbeck, W Esmail, S Eulig, J Evans, PA Evenson, KL Fan, K Fang, K Farrag, AR Fazely, A Fedynitch, N Feigl, C Finley, L Fischer, D Fox, A Franckowiak, S Fukami, P Fürst, J Gallagher, E Ganster, A Garcia, M Garcia, G Garg, E Genton, L Gerhardt, A Ghadimi, T Glüsenkamp, JG Gonzalez, S Goswami, A Granados, D Grant, SJ Gray, S Griffin, S Griswold, KM Groth, D Guevel, C Günther, P Gutjahr, C Ha, C Haack, A Hallgren, L Halve, F Halzen, L Hamacher, M Ha Minh, M Handt, K Hanson, J Hardin, AA Harnisch, P Hatch, A Haungs, J Häußler, K Helbing, J Hellrung, B Henke, L Hennig, F Henningsen, L Heuermann, R Hewett, N Heyer, S Hickford, A Hidvegi, C Hill, GC Hill, R Hmaid, KD Hoffman, D Hooper, S Hori, K Hoshina, M Hostert, W Hou, M Hrywniak, T Huber, K Hultqvist, K Hymon, A Ishihara, W Iwakiri, M Jacquart, S Jain, O Janik, M Jansson, M Jeong, M Jin, N Kamp, D Kang, W Kang, A Kappes, L Kardum, T Karg, M Karl, A Karle, A Katil, M Kauer, JL Kelley, M Khanal, A Khatee Zathul, A Kheirandish, H Kimku, J Kiryluk, C Klein, SR Klein, Y Kobayashi, A Kochocki, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, T Kontrimas, L Köpke, C Kopper, DJ Koskinen, P Koundal, M Kowalski, T Kozynets, A Kravka, N Krieger, J Krishnamoorthi, T Krishnan, K Kruiswijk, E Krupczak, A Kumar, E Kun, N Kurahashi, N Lad, C Lagunas Gualda, L Lallement Arnaud, M Lamoureux, MJ Larson, F Lauber, JP Lazar, K Leonard DeHolton, A Leszczyńska, J Liao, C Lin, QR Liu, YT Liu, M Liubarska, C Love, L Lu, F Lucarelli, W Luszczak, Y Lyu, M Macdonald, J Madsen, E Magnus, Y Makino, E Manao, S Mancina, A Mand, IC Mariş, S Marka, Z Marka, L Marten, I Martinez-Soler, R Maruyama, J Mauro, F Mayhew, F McNally, JV Mead, K Meagher, S Mechbal, A Medina, M Meier, Y Merckx, L Merten, J Mitchell, L Molchany, S Mondal, T Montaruli, RW Moore, Y Morii, A Mosbrugger, M Moulai, D Mousadi, E Moyaux, T Mukherjee, R Naab, M Nakos, U Naumann, J Necker, L Neste, M Neumann, H Niederhausen, MU Nisa, K Noda, A Noell, A Novikov, A Obertacke, V O’Dell, A Olivas, R Orsoe, J Osborn, E O’Sullivan, V Palusova, H Pandya, A Parenti, N Park, V Parrish, EN Paudel, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, T Pernice, TC Petersen, J Peterson, M Plum, A Pontén, V Poojyam, Y Popovych, M Prado Rodriguez, B Pries, R Procter-Murphy, GT Przybylski, L Pyras, C Raab, J Rack-Helleis, N Rad, M Ravn, K Rawlins, Z Rechav, A Rehman, I Reistroffer, E Resconi, S Reusch, CD Rho, W Rhode, L Ricca, B Riedel, A Rifaie, EJ Roberts, M Rongen, A Rosted, C Rott, T Ruhe, L Ruohan, D Ryckbosch, J Saffer, D Salazar-Gallegos, P Sampathkumar, A Sandrock, G Sanger-Johnson, M Santander, S Sarkar, M Scarnera, P Schaile, M Schaufel, H Schieler, S Schindler, L Schlickmann, B Schlüter, F Schlüter, N Schmeisser, T Schmidt, FG Schröder, L Schumacher, S Schwirn, S Sclafani, D Seckel, L Seen, M Seikh, S Seunarine, PA Sevle Myhr, R Shah, S Shah, S Shefali, N Shimizu, B Skrzypek, R Snihur, J Soedingrekso, A Søgaard, D Soldin, P Soldin, G Sommani, C Spannfellner, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, J Stachurska, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, T Stezelberger, T Stürwald, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, I Taboada, S Ter-Antonyan, A Terliuk, A Thakuri, M Thiesmeyer, WG Thompson, J Thwaites, S Tilav, K Tollefson, S Toscano, D Tosi, A Trettin, AK Upadhyay, K Upshaw, A Vaidyanathan, N Valtonen-Mattila, J Valverde, J Vandenbroucke, T Van Eeden, N van Eijndhoven, L Van Rootselaar, J van Santen, J Vara, F Varsi, M Venugopal, M Vereecken, S Vergara Carrasco, S Verpoest, D Veske, A Vijai, J Villarreal, C Walck, A Wang, EHS Warrick, C Weaver, P Weigel, A Weindl, J Weldert, AY Wen, C Wendt, J Werthebach, M Weyrauch, N Whitehorn, CH Wiebusch, DR Williams, L Witthaus, M Wolf, G Wrede, XW Xu, JP Yanez, Y Yao, E Yildizci, S Yoshida, R Young, F Yu, S Yu, T Yuan, S Yun-Cárcamo, A Zander Jurowitzki, A Zegarelli, S Zhang, Z Zhang, P Zhelnin, P Zilberman

Abstract:

The flavor composition of cosmic neutrinos probes both the physical properties of their sources and oscillations over energies and distances unreachable by terrestrial experiments. Using 11.4 yr of IceCube data, we analyze the flavor composition of the all-sky neutrino flux from 5 TeV–10 PeV, significantly lowering the analysis threshold from a previous minimum of 35 TeV. The best-fit flavor fractions are fe,fμ,fτ=0.30-0.15+0.20, 0.37-0.16+0.14, 0.33-0.25+0.24. For the first time, we report that neutrinos of all three flavors are present in the observed cosmic neutrino flux at >90% confidence level. We infer the flavor composition at their sources, finding good agreement with pion decay while pure neutron decay is disfavored, with posterior probability 2.7×10-5 (∼4σ).
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Fuzzy black holes from mass generation in matrix compactification

Physical Review D American Physical Society (APS) 114:4 (2026) 46019

Authors:

Davide Laurenzano, John Wheater

Abstract:

<jats:p>We investigate a mechanism for generating mass terms in the Ishibashi–Kawai–Kitazawa–Tsuchiya (IKKT) and Banks–Fischler–Shenker–Susskind (BFSS) matrix theories through compactification on a torus and the derivation of a zero-mode effective theory, emphasizing the crucial role of fermionic boundary conditions. Extending a recent proposal developed for the IKKT model to the BFSS framework, we explore a broader class of mixed fermionic boundary conditions in both theories. This choice leads to a distinct effective theory with intermediate features, where a mass term is generated together with fermionic zero-modes. In the BFSS case, this setup further allows for the construction of black hole solutions. The resulting geometry takes the form of a fuzzy sphere, with quantum excitations in the fermionic sector accounting for the corresponding black hole entropy.</jats:p>
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Localised Horizons and Holographic Thermodynamics: Supercooling in the 1/D Expansion

(2026)

Authors:

Prateek Agrawal, Gaurang Ramakant Kane, Vazha Loladze
Details from ArXiV

Localised Horizons and Holographic Thermodynamics: Supercooling in the 1/D Expansion

arXiv Eprint

Authors:

Prateek Agrawal, Gaurang Ramakant Kane, and Vazha Loladze

Abstract:

In holography, four-dimensional confining gauge theories are often modelled by five-dimensional Einstein--scalar gravity by choosing a specific form of the scalar potential. In a large class of non-conformal theories, we show that a predictive structure emerges for the thermal confinement transition by generalising the gravitational dual to $D+1$ dimensions and using a $1/D$ expansion. These results are independent of the details of the scalar potential, hinting towards universality. The black brane geometry dual to the deconfined phase can be analytically constructed due to its effects being localised near the horizon at leading order. The solution does not exist below a minimal temperature $T_{\rm min}$ and the maximum possible supercooling in the transition $\epsilon_{\rm sc} = 1-T_{\rm min}/T_{\rm c}$ is generically suppressed by a factor of $1/D^2$. Remarkably, the maximum supercooling at the leading order is set by the speed of sound in the deconfined phase of the gauge theory at the critical temperature, $\epsilon_{\rm sc}=c_s^2(T_{\rm c})/2$. These predictions agree with explicit calculations in an exponential superpotential, improved holography, and the thermal transition in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang--Mills on a sphere.
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Review of Particle Physics*

International Journal of Modern Physics A World Scientific Publishing 41:22 (2026) 2630011

Authors:

Particle Data Group, F Takahashi, K Hikasa, Y Sumino, M Tanabashi, J Tanaka, M Yokoyama, K Agashe, G Aielli, BC Allanach, J Alvarez-Muñiz, C Amsler, M Antonelli, EC Aschenauer, DM Asner, K Assamagan, H Baer, Sw Banerjee, RM Barnett, L Baudis, CW Bauer, J Beringer, A Bettini, O Biebel, KM Black, E Blucher, R Bonventre, RA Briere, A Buckley, VD Burkert, MA Bychkov, G Cacciapaglia, RN Cahn, F Canelli, J Cao, Z Cao, M Carena, G Casarosa, A Ceccucci, M Cepeda, A Cerri, RS Chivukula, M Cortês, G Cowan, V Crede, O Cremonesi, G D’Ambrosio, T Damour, CTH Davies, J de Blas, D de Florian, A de Gouvêa, T DeGrand, Z Demiragli, S Dittmaier, BA Dobrescu, M D’Onofrio, M Dorigo, HK Dreiner, JM Duarte, P Eerola, U Egede, AX El-Khadra, J Ellis, SC Eno, J Erler, A Fava, W Fetscher, BD Fields, A Freitas, H Gallagher, P Gasik, T Gershon, T Gherghetta, S Giovannella, MC Gonzalez-Garcia, M Goodman, C Grab, AV Gritsan, C Grojean, DE Groom, M Grünewald, A Gurtu, T Gutsche, HE Haber, M Hamel, C Hanhart, S Hashimoto, Y Hayato, A Hebecker, S Heinemeyer, JJ Hernández-Rey, DW Hertzog, J Hisano, A Höcker, M Hoferichter, W Hofmann, J Holder, L Hsu, J Huston, T Hyodo, Al Ianni, M Kado, J Kaplon, M Karliner, UF Katz, M Kenzie, VA Khoze, SR Klein, A Knue, R Kogler, G Kramberger, M Kramer, F Krauss, M Kreps, J Kretzschmar, P Križan, Y Kwon, O Lahav, LP Lellouch, J Lesgourgues, AR Liddle, Z Ligeti, C-J Lin, C Lippmann, TM Liss, L Lista, A Lister, L Littenberg, C Lourenço, KS Lugovsky, SB Lugovsky, A Lusiani, Y Makida, F Maltoni, AV Manohar, A Masoni, S Meinel, U-G Meißner, I-A Melzer-Pellmann, P Mertsch, M Mikhasenko, DJ Miller, D Milstead, RE Mitchell, K Mönig, P Molaro, F Moortgat, N Nagata, K Nakamura, P Nason, S Navas, A Nelles, M Neubert, Y Nir, HB O’Connell, CAJ O’Hare, KA Olive, C Patrignani, JA Peacock, K Peters, E Pianori, A Pich, A Piepke, F Pietropaolo, A Pomarol, S Profumo, A Quadt, K Rabbertz, J Rademacker, G Raffelt, M Ramsey-Musolf, L Reina, P Richardson, DJ Robinson, S Roesler, S Rolli, A Romaniouk, LJ Rosenberg, G Rybka, MG Ryskin, B Safdi, Y Sakai, F Salamida, N Saoulidou, S Sarkar, F Sauli, P Savard, O Schneider, S Schönert, K Scholberg, C Schwanda, AJ Schwartz, J Schwiening, D Scott, F Sefkow, U Seljak, V Sharma, SR Sharpe, V Shiltsev, G Signorelli, M Silari, F Simon, P Skands, T Skwarnicki, GF Smoot, A Soffer, MS Sozzi, S Spanier, C Spiering, A Stahl, M Taševský, K Terao, K Terashi, J Terning, U Thoma, RS Thorne, L Tiator, M Titov, DR Tovey, K Trabelsi, P Urquijo, G Valencia, R Van de Water, N Varelas, G Venanzoni, V Vennin, L Verde, I Vivarelli, W Vogelsang, W Walkowiak, CW Walter, D Wands, DH Weinberg, EJ Weinberg, R Wendell, N Wermes, M White, LR Wiencke, S Willocq, L Winslow, CL Woody, RL Workman, W-M Yao, R Yoshida, CZ Yuan, G Zanderighi, GP Zeller, R-Y Zhu, S-L Zhu, F Zimmermann, PA Zyla, J Anderson, VKS Kashyap, B Mohanty, A Ozerov, S Rohr, P Schaffner, GA Valdiviesso, W Zheng

Abstract:

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,200 new measurements from 903 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 118 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 96 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group ( pdg.lbl.gov ) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app. The PDG API (Application Programming Interface) provides access to the data published in the Review in machine-readable format.
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