Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

Abstract Recent studies using JWST have suggested that some high-redshift galaxies may be ultra-massive, thereby challenging standard models of early galaxy formation. We analyse the stellar masses using different modelling assumptions and in conjunction with new data of three galaxies (S1, S2 and S3), whose photometric and NIRCam/grism redshifts were consistent with z > 5. These three “optically dark” galaxies were reported to host exceptionally high stellar masses (M⋆ ≳ 1011 M⊙) and star-formation rates (SFR ≳ 600 M⊙ yr−1), implying extremely high star-formation efficiencies. Recent NIRSpec/IFU observations for S1 indicate a spectroscopic redshift of zspec = 3.2439 ± 0.0002, revising the previous redshift. Using the Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling tool Prospector, we investigate the impact of key model assumptions on stellar mass estimates, such as the choice of star-formation history (SFH) priors (constant versus rising SFH base for the non-parametric SFH prior), the dust attenuation law, and the treatment of emission line fluxes. Our analysis yields revised stellar masses of $\log _{10}(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }) \approx 10.36^{+0.47}_{-0.32}, 10.95^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$ and $10.31^{+0.24}_{-0.19}$ for S1, S2, and S3, respectively. We find that adopting a rising SFH base prior results in lower inferred stellar masses compared to a constant SFH base prior. Additionally, we identify a significant degeneracy between the dust attenuation curve slope, the amount of dust attenuation, and stellar mass. Our results highlight various systematics in SED modelling due to SFH priors and dust attenuation that can influence stellar mass estimates. Nevertheless, even with these revised stellar mass estimates, two of the three galaxies remain among the most massive and actively star-forming systems at their respective redshifts, implying high star-formation efficiencies.

Abstract:

Abstract The physics governing the morphology of radio-loud AGN jets is not fully understood. We investigate how magnetization, flickering jet power and their interplay affects the morphology of radio galaxies. We present a grid of relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the PLUTO code covering constant and variable jets with two levels of magnetisation. We find that the constant high magnetisation jets can lead to highly asymmetrical cocoon morphologies, whilst the variable high magnetisation jet can exhibit a broken morphology, caused by a discontinuous jet beam. Our work highlights the importance of magnetisation and variability on the stability and resulting morphology of radio-loud AGN jets, suggesting both are significant factors in addition to jet power or environment. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between magnetisation and variability can lead to the development of localised kink instabilities along the jet beam. Finally, we discuss the effects of hydrodynamic mixing in low magnetisation jets and the role of viewing angle dependence in comparisons between our simulations and observed sources. To facilitate this comparison we present a library of simulated radio images at different times in the simulations and from various viewing angles, which highlight a diverse set of complex morphologies.

Abstract:

We report the detection of a previously unknown object with a single emission line within the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, using a new JWST NIRSpec technique called Multiobject Coronagraphy for Slitless Spectroscopy (MOCSS) with the G140M/F100LP observing mode. The MOCSS technique involves opening almost all the shutters on the NIRSpec microshutter array, while simultaneously closing the shutters that lie on top of known low-redshift objects, facilitating a wide-field slitless spectroscopic search without contamination from bright objects. This observational technique has enabled the detection of a strong emission line in four different dither positions and in two position angles, and thus cannot be artificial. This line is detected at 1.60 μm with a line flux of [2.5 ± 0.3] × 10−18 erg s−1cm−2 and an FWHM of 13.2 ± 2.0 Å, and does not correspond to any known source with some of the deepest Hubble Space Telescope and JWST imaging in existence. Based upon the absence of imaging detection, we place a lower limit on the observed frame equivalent width (EW) of 7620 Å on this object, which strongly limits the number of possible lines that this line can be. Given the wavelength, an EW limit that is near the ceiling of expectation, and the lack of other lines in the bandpass, this line cannot be easily explained by [O ii] at z = 3.29, [O iii] at z = 2.20, Hα at z = 1.44, and Lyα at z = 12.16. We discuss possible active galactic nucleus and transient phenomena that could explain the finding.

Abstract:

Abstract We analyse black hole scaling relations for disk-dominated galaxies, and present evidence for secularly driven galaxy-black hole co-evolution. We do this observationally by looking at “bulgeless” galaxies, where the lack of a stellar bulge suggests a quiet merger history. We first compose a sample of 2,435 disk-dominated galaxies hosting optical broad line active galactic nuclei (AGN) from DESI data, and find a $M_{\mathrm{BH}^{}}$–$M_{*}^{}$ scaling relation of log (MBH) $= - 3.7^{+0.3}_{-0.3} + 1.00^{+0.03}_{-0.03} \log (M_*)$. From these, we identify 546 bulgeless galaxies hosting AGN, a factor of ≳ 5 larger than pre-existing samples, and find they follow the same $M_{\mathrm{BH}^{}}$-$M_{*}^{}$ relation as the general disk galaxy sample. Comparing the bulgeless galaxies to those with some bulge component, we find good agreement in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}^{}}$–$M_{*}^{}$ relation (within 3σ), but disagreement in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}^{}}$–$M_{\mathrm{*,bulge}}^{}$ relation (at >7σ). This is the opposite of what is expected from merger-driven co-evolution, suggesting secular growth is significant in establishing observed $M_{\mathrm{BH}^{}}$–$M_{*}^{}$ scaling relations. Furthermore, in a control sample of early-type galaxies we find tentative evidence of increased AGN luminosity compared to the bulgeless sample, but no statistical difference in black hole mass. This suggests the assumed merger-dominated evolutionary history of early-type galaxies does not lead to significantly increased long-term BH growth. These results support numerous recent observational and theoretical studies which suggest secular processes fuel significant supermassive black hole growth and galaxy-black hole co-evolution.

Abstract:

Understanding how the internal kinematics of massive galaxies evolve is key to constraining the physical processes that drive their assembly. We investigate the evolution of rotational support in massive ( logM*/M⊙≥10.6 ) early-type galaxies (ETGs) over the past ∼7 Gyr. We use MUSE integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) data for 212 ETGs at intermediate redshift (0.25 < z < 0.75) from the MAGNUS sample. We compare their kinematics to a carefully matched local sample of 787 ETGs (z ≤ 0.05) from the MaNGA survey. Using the specific stellar angular momentum proxy, λR, we quantify the balance between ordered rotation and random motions. We derive intrinsic λR values by applying a uniform correction for seeing and point-spread function (PSF) effects to both samples. We find a significant evolutionary trend: The intermediate-redshift ETGs are systematically more rotationally supported than their local counterparts. The median PSF-corrected λR for the MAGNUS sample is 0.48 ± 0.05, substantially higher than the median of 0.34 ± 0.03 for the matched MaNGA sample. This corresponds to a positive slope in the λR−z relation of dλR/dz = 0.25 ± 0.04 for the combined sample. The decline in rotational support is most pronounced for the most massive ( logM*/M⊙>11.3 ) and highest-velocity-dispersion (σe ≳ 200 km s−1) galaxies. Our results provide robust evidence that massive ETGs have undergone significant kinematic evolution, losing angular momentum as they evolve towards the present day, consistent with theoretical models where processes such as dry mergers play a crucial role in shaping the dynamical state of galaxies.