Guangwen Chen

Abstract:

Radio source detection and morphological classification are fundamental for exploiting the scientific potential of modern radio continuum surveys. However, the rapidly increasing data volumes and the wide diversity of radio morphologies make traditional visual inspection infeasible and pose significant challenges for automated source finding. We apply a transformer-based set-prediction detector (RF-DETR) to 150 MHz continuum images from the LOFAR Deep Fields for instance-level source detection and morphological classification. The method is adapted to multi-frequency-synthesis images of interferometric data and trained with a morphology-driven scheme using five mutually exclusive classes. The model is trained on the ELAIS-N1 Deep Field, where it achieves high detection and classification performance (F1 ≃ 91 percnt), and is then applied without retraining to the other three LOFAR Deep Fields. Across all four fields, the model yields consistent catalogues with modest field-to-field differences arising from survey depth and calibration. Compared with widely used PyBDSF catalogues, RF-DETR recovers the majority of PyBDSF sources while representing classical multi-component radio galaxies as single source-level detections rather than fragmented Gaussian components. Artefact-affected and spurious detections are identified as explicit classes, allowing these detections to be distinguished from general astrophysical sources in the resulting catalogues. As external validation, RF-DETR recovers the majority of visually identified extended and giant radio galaxies in the LOFAR Deep Fields and assigns them predominantly to extended morphological classes. These results indicate that transformer-based detectors provide a practical, scalable, morphology-aware approach to source finding in deep radio surveys, with clear relevance for forthcoming facilities such as SKA-Low.

Abstract:

Stellar halos are the only major stellar component of disk galaxies that lack systematic observational characterization, yet they encode critical information about galaxy merger histories. We present the first systematic census of stellar halos in a large, flux-limited sample of 169 high-inclination central galaxies with stellar masses 7.3≤logM⋆/M⊙≤11.0 and redshift z < 0.1, using Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Survey Deep optical images. Stellar halos are detected in 93 galaxies, primarily through their low isophotal ellipticities in the outskirts, improving upon conventional methods of stellar halo identification. The halo detection rate reaches ∼50% at logM⋆/M⊙>9.9 and ≳70% for Milky Way (MW)-mass galaxies. We derive halo surface brightness profiles, colors, and masses, finding that stellar halos generally follow power-law radial profiles. Higher-mass galaxies, on average, exhibit smaller power-law indices and larger halo mass fractions, indicating more extended halos and more active merger histories. A significant stellar halo color–mass correlation, driven mainly by the mass–metallicity relation, suggests dominance by a few massive accretion events. MW-mass galaxies have a median stellar halo fraction of 10% ± 5%. Among nearby galaxies with halo measurements within 25 Mpc, two-thirds (including the MW) lie below the mean stellar halo fraction–galaxy mass relation. Overall, the nearby galaxies show a median halo deficit of ∼0.3 dex, implying unusually quiescent merger histories. We show that this deficit follows a broader trend in which typical halo fractions increase with heliocentric distance, tracking the gradual rise in matter density toward the cosmic average by z ≲ 0.07.

Abstract:

Hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs) are a rare population of hyperluminous dust-obscured quasars discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) all-sky survey. The heavy circumnuclear dust obscuration allows only a small amount of scattered light from the obscured quasar to escape, enabling the decomposition of the stellar component from the total flux. The presence of scattered light enables the redshift of the source and the properties of the black hole to be obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and SDSS-related literature. From WISE and SDSS data, we select 11 hyperluminous Hot DOGs at z = 1.5–3.7 with bolometric luminosities Lbol ≳ 1047 erg s−1. We investigate the MBH–M⋆ relation in these sources using Bayesian spectral energy distribution fitting or with extra constraints from Hubble Space Telescope image decomposition. Stellar masses are successfully derived for eight Hot DOGs. We find high Eddington ratios λEdd in these Hot DOGs, with the median value of 1.05 and the maximum value close to 3. The super-Eddington accretion may be associated with the overdense environments of Hot DOGs. We find no significant differences in the MBH/M⋆ of these Hot DOGs compared to the local relation, suggesting that these dust-obscured quasars are the progenitors of massive early-type galaxies. We speculate that the subsequent evolution of Hot DOGs may be significantly influenced by active galactic nucleus feedback and remain on the local relation.

Abstract:

Baryonic cycling is reflected in the spatial distribution of metallicity within galaxies; however, gas-phase metallicity distribution and its connection with other properties of dwarf galaxies are largely unexplored. We present the first systematic study of radial gradients of gas-phase metallicities for a sample of 55 normal nearby star-forming dwarf galaxies (stellar mass M ⋆ ranging from 10 7 to 10 9.5 M ⊙ ) based on MUSE wide-field spectroscopic observations. We find that the metallicity gradient has a significant negative correlation (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient r ≃ −0.56) with M ⋆ , which is in contrast with the flat or even positive correlation observed for higher-mass galaxies. The negative correlation is accompanied by a stronger central suppression of metallicity compared to the outskirts in lower-mass galaxies. Among the other explored galaxy properties, including baryonic mass, star formation distribution, galaxy environment, regularity of gaseous velocity field, and effective yield of metals y eff , only the regularity of gaseous velocity field and y eff have residual correlation with metallicity gradient after controlling for M ⋆ , in the sense that galaxies with an irregular velocity field or lower y eff favor a less negative or more positive metallicity gradient. Particularly, a linear combination of logarithmic stellar mass and y eff significantly improves the correlation with metallicity gradients ( r ∼ −0.68) compared to using stellar mass alone. The lack of correlation with environment disproves gas accretion as a relevant factor shaping the metallicity distribution. The correlation with both gaseous velocity field regularity and y eff implies the importance of stellar feedback-driven metal redistribution within the ISM. Our finding suggests that the metal mixing and transport process, including but not limited to feedback-driven outflow, are more important than in situ metal production in shaping the metallicity distribution of dwarf galaxies.

Abstract:

Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are commonly found in the centers of galaxies, but their dominant formation mechanisms remain elusive. We perform a consistent analysis of stellar populations of 97 nearby NSCs, based on spectroscopic data from the Very Large Telescope. The sample covers a galaxy stellar mass range of 107–1011 M⊙ and is more than 3 times larger than any previous study. We identify three galaxy stellar mass regimes with distinct NSC properties. In the low-mass regime of logMhost ≲ 8.5 (Mhost is in units of M⊙), nearly all NSCs have metallicities lower than their circum-NSC host but similar to those of typical red globular clusters (GCs), supporting the GC inspiral–merger scenario of NSC formation. In the high-mass regime of logMhost ≳ 9.5, nearly all NSCs have higher metallicities than their circum-NSC host and red GCs, suggesting significant contributions from in situ star formation. In the intermediate-mass regime, a comparable fraction of NSCs have higher or lower metallicities than their circum-NSC host and red GCs, with no clear dependence on NSC mass, suggesting intermittent in situ star formation. The majority of NSCs with higher metallicities than their host exhibit a negative age–metallicity correlation, providing clear evidence of long-term chemical enrichment. The average metallicity difference between NSC and host peaks broadly around logMhost∼9.8 and declines toward both higher and lower galaxy masses. We find that the efficiency of dynamical-friction-driven inspiral of GCs observed in present-day galaxies can explain the NSC mass at logMhost≲9.5 but falls short of observed ones at higher galaxy mass, reinforcing our conclusions based on stellar population analysis.