Dr Tara LeMercier PhD

Abstract:

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) offers a scalable, solution-processable and binder-free route for assembling functional electrode films, yet its applicability across chemically diverse materials remains largely unexplored. In this study, we present a facile EPD platform for the rapid fabrication of electrodes and photoelectrodes from more than 20 functional materials, including carbon nanostructures, polymeric semiconductors, metal oxides, chalcogenides, nitrides, porous metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks and hybrid composites. Optimised deposition recipes are established for each material by controlling suspension chemistry, charging agents, applied voltage and deposition time. For photoactive materials, the photocurrent response is used as a practical descriptor to evaluate film quality and guide loading optimisation. Structural characterisation by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirms uniform coatings, controlled morphologies, and intimate contact between deposited materials and conductive substrates. The versatility of the method is further validated by conformal deposition on both indium tin oxide (ITO) and porous carbon paper substrates, highlighting its compatibility with diverse electrode architectures. We also clarify the role of iodine and citric acid as charging agents for stabilising suspensions and ensuring reproducible deposition. Overall, this work demonstrates EPD as a versatile and scalable approach for integrating a wide range of functional materials into binder-free electrodes for photoelectrochemical and catalytic applications.

Abstract:

Abstract Coupling CO₂ reduction with selective oxidation of biomass-derived molecules enables simultaneous carbon utilisation and value-added chemical synthesis, offering a sustainable pathway when driven by solar energy. Here, we report a bias-free photoelectrochemical platform that co-produces formate from CO₂ and 5-formyl-2-furoic acid, a key precursor to bio-based plastics. The system integrates a Co₃O₄/WO₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photoanode on carbon paper, which selectively oxidises 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid with a Faradaic efficiency of 95%, and a tin nanoparticle-decorated carbon paper cathode, which reduces CO₂ to formate with a Faradaic efficiency of 93% under solar irradiation and without external bias. The WO₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction promotes efficient Z-scheme charge transfer, enabling spatially separated oxidation and reduction reactions using earth-abundant materials and scalable electrode architectures. Life cycle assessment demonstrates low greenhouse gas emissions and low water consumption potential of the CO₂-to-formate pathway, highlighting the environmental sustainability of the process. By directly coupling CO₂ reduction with the upgrading of biomass-derived furanics into polymer-relevant intermediates, this work establishes a practically meaningful and scalable co-production strategy for solar-driven carbon utilisation and sustainable plastic precursor synthesis.

Abstract:

The formation of high-quality semiconductor thin films is a significant challenge that requires precise control over various factors, including film thickness, uniformity, crystallinity, and strong adhesion to the underlying substrate. These parameters are particularly critical in photoelectrode fabrication, where the thin film must efficiently interact with incident light to maximise absorption and facilitate effective photogenerated charge separation and transport to improve the overall photoelectrochemical performance. In this work, we systematically investigate the formation of graphitic carbon nitride/tungsten oxide (g-C3N4/WO3) hybrid material thin film using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Transmission electron microscopy reveals direct contact between g-C3N4 and WO3, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates electron transfer from g-C3N4 to WO3, confirming the formation of an effective n–n-heterojunction at the interface. We identified four key EPD coating parameters that affect the thin film quality and photoanode performance, including substrate pretreatment, suspension solvent, deposition voltage and time, and post-annealing. Notably, the dispersion of g-C3N4/WO3 heterojunction particles in acetone, in the presence of iodine, results in an excellent film compared to those prepared in water and isopropanol. The most important parameter is the thickness of the film, which must be optimal for light absorption and charge separation: if the film is too thin, it absorbs insufficient light; conversely, if it's too thick, the photogenerated charge carriers recombine before reaching the electrode or electrolyte. By exploring a range of conditions, we determined the optimal substrate surface chemistry and identified acetone as the best solvent with a suspension concentration of 3 mg mL−1. The ideal deposition parameters were a voltage of 60 V for 10 seconds, and post-annealing at 300 °C for 2 hours in air. These optimised conditions allowed us to maximise the functional characteristics of the resulting photoanode, achieving a photocurrent density of 0.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which outperformed other carbon nitride-based materials

Abstract:

Carbon nitride (C3N4) possesses both a band gap in the visible range and a low-lying conduction band potential, suitable for water splitting and CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR). Yet, bulk C3N4 (b-C3N4) suffers from structural disorder leading to sluggish reaction kinetics. This can be improved by graphitisation; however, current processes in the literature, lead to a variety of graphitised C3N4 (g-C3N4), making it difficult to link the degrees of graphitisation with the functional properties. Herein, we employ complementary analyses, including electrochemical impedance, photoluminescence, and photocurrent, to elucidate structure–property–function relationships. Guided by the descriptors, we developed a facile two-step annealing method that yields nanocrystalline carbon nitride (nc-C3N4), comprising nanoscale graphitic domains within an amorphous matrix. The nanocrystalline grains of nc-C3N4 allow effective immobilisation of Cu atoms and stabilisation of low oxidation states (Cu(I)). Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrate that Cu is atomically dispersed. Importantly, the addition of only 0.11 wt% of copper to nc-C3N4 drastically decreases the charge recombination and resistance to change transfer. The synergy of the Cu single-atom catalyst and nanocrystalline domains in carbon nitride (Cu/nc-C3N4) leads to a remarkable 99% selectivity towards methanol production with a rate of 316 μmol gcat−1 h−1 during the photocatalytic CO2RR, which is absent in Cu/b-C3N4