Pulsars, transients and relativistic astrophysics

Abstract:

A central question regarding neutron star (NS) mergers is whether they are able to produce all the r-process elements, from first to third peak. We here study theoretical infrared signatures of first-peak elements with spectral synthesis modelling. By combining state-of-the-art non-local thermodynamic equilibrium physics with new radiative and collisional data for these elements, we identify several promising diagnostic lines from Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, and Zr. The models give self-consistent line luminosities and indicate specific features that probe emission volumes at early phases (10 d), the product of ion mass and electron density in late phases (75 d), and in some cases direct ionic masses at intermediate phases. Emission by [Se i] 5.03 m + [Se iii] 4.55 m is the only candidate from the first r-process peak that could explain the Spitzer photometry of AT2017gfo. However, the models show consistently that with a Kr/Te and Se/Te ratio following the solar r-process pattern, Kr + Se emission is dominant over Te for the feature at 2.1 m observed in both AT2017gfo and AT2023vfi. The somewhat better line profile fit with [Te iii] may suggest that both AT2017gfo and AT2023vfi had a strongly subsolar production of the light r-process elements. An alternative scenario could be that Kr + Se in an asymmetric morphological distribution generates the feature. Further James Webb Space Telescope spectral observations hold promise to determine the light r-process production of kilonovae, and in particular whether the light elements are made in a slow disc outflow or in a fast proto-NS wind. We identify specific needs for further atomic data for elements.

Abstract:

We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low-redshift surveys, retraining the salt3 light-curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host-galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises 1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and 200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain in flat Lambda-cold dark matter (CDM) which changes by compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope and the DESI DR2 measurements in a flat CDM cosmology, we find and . Our results hold a significance of , reduced from for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the flat CDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.

Abstract:

We present the discovery of AT 2024wpp (‘Whippet’), a fast and luminous 18cow-like transient. At a redshift of , revealed by Keck Cosmic Web Imager spectroscopy of its faint star-forming host, it is the fourth-nearest example of its class to date. Rapid identification of the source in the Zwicky Transient Facility data stream permitted ultraviolet-through-optical observations to be obtained prior to peak, allowing the first determination of the peak bolometric luminosity ( erg s), maximum photospheric radius ( cm), and total radiated energy ( erg) of an 18cow-like object. We present results from a comprehensive multiwavelength observing campaign, including a far-ultraviolet spectrum from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope and deep imaging extending 100 d post-explosion from the Very Large Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, Very Large Array, and Atacama Large Millimetre Array. We interpret the observations under a model in which a rapidly accreting central engine blows a fast ( 0.2 c) wind into the surrounding medium and irradiates it with X-rays. The high Doppler velocities and intense ionization within this wind prevent identifiable spectroscopic features from appearing in the ejecta or in the surrounding circumstellar material. Weak H and He signatures do emerge in the spectra after 35 d in the form of double-peaked narrow lines. Each peak is individually narrow (full width km s) but the two components are separated by km s, indicating stable structures of denser material, possibly representing streams of tidal ejecta or an ablated companion star.

Abstract:

Son Of X-Shooter (SOXS) is a spectrograph for the European Southern Observatory (ESO), recently installed at the New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory, Chile. The main instrument goal consists of the characterization of transient sources, based on alerts. It covers from (partially) ultraviolet to visible and near-infrared bands, with a spectral resolution of R∼4500, using two separate, wavelength-optimized spectrographs. A scientific-grade visible camera, primarily intended for target acquisition, also provides a “light imaging” mode. We present the design of the SOXS Instrument Control Software, which is in charge of controlling all motors, calibration lamps, and detectors; monitoring sensors and components’ status; coordinating the execution of exposures; and implementing all observation, calibration, and maintenance procedures. Given the extensive experience of the SOXS consortium in the development of instruments for the ESO Very Large Telescope, we decided to base the design of the control system on the same standards, both for hardware and software control. We illustrate the control network, the instrument functions and detectors to be controlled, the overall design of the SOXS Instrument Software and its main components. Then, we provide details about the control software for the most SOXS-specific components and peculiar features: the piezoelectric tip–tilt corrector used for active compensation of mechanical flexures of the instrument, the cryogenic piezoelectric slit exchanger for the near-infrared spectrograph, the co-rotator monitoring system, and the control of the commercial-off-the-shelf-based imaging camera.