Professor Andrew Bunker

Abstract:

We present James Web Space Telescope/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy (DSS). This novel observing strategy with the NIRSpec/multi-shutter assembly (MSA) deliberately permits a high number of controlled spectral overlaps to reach extreme multiplex while retaining the low background of slit spectroscopy. In a single configuration over the JADES Origins Field, we opened shutters on all faint ( mag) candidates, prioritizing emission-line science and rejecting only bright continuum sources. Using 33.6 and 35.8 ks on-source in G235M and G395M, we observed a single mask with 850 sources, obtaining spectroscopic redshifts for 540 galaxies over . The per-configuration target density in DSS mode is 4–5 higher than standard no- and low-overlap MSA strategies (<200 sources), with no loss in redshift precision or accuracy. Line-flux sensitivities are 30 per cent lower at fixed exposure time, matching the expected increase in background noise, but the gain in survey speed is 5 in our setup, more than justifying the penalty. The measured line sensitivity exceeds NIRCam slitless spectroscopy by at least ( in exposure time) at , demonstrating that DSS is a compelling method to gain deep, wide-band spectra for large samples. Crucially, NIRSpec/MSA could deliver even higher target allocation densities than those used here. We derive H α-based star-formation rates, gas-phase metallicities (including a large sample suitable for strong-line calibrations), and identify rare mini-quenched galaxies and broad-line AGN. DSS is immediately applicable wherever deep imaging enables robust pre-selection and astrometry, providing an efficient method to obtain large samples of faint emission-line galaxies, a compelling middle ground between the completeness of slitless surveys and the sensitivity and bandwidth of NIRSpec/MSA.

Abstract:

Transient astronomy of the early, high-redshift (z > 3) Universe is an unexplored regime that offers the possibility of probing the first stars and the epoch of reionization. During Cycles 1 and 2 of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey program enabled one of the first searches for transients in deep images (∼30 AB mag) over a relatively wide area (25 arcmin2). One transient, AT 2023adsv, was discovered with an F200W magnitude of 28.04 AB mag, and subsequent JWST observations revealed that the transient is a likely supernova (SN) in a host with zspec = 3.613 ± 0.001 and an inferred metallicity at the position of the SN of Z* = 0.3 ± 0.1 Z⊙. At this redshift, the first detections in F115W and F150W show that AT 2023adsv had bright rest-frame UV flux at the time of discovery. The multiband light curve of AT 2023adsv is best matched by a template of a Type IIP SN (SN IIP) with a peak absolute magnitude of MB ≈ −18.3 AB mag. We find a good match to a 20 M⊙ red supergiant progenitor star with an explosion energy of 2 × 1051 erg, likely higher than normally observed in the local Universe, but consistent with SNe IIP drawn from local, lower-metallicity environments. AT 2023adsv is the most distant photometrically classified SN IIP yet discovered with a spectroscopic redshift measurement, and may represent a global shift in SN IIP properties as a function of redshift.

Abstract:

The discovery of high-redshift galaxies exhibiting a steep spectral ultraviolet (UV) downturn potentially indicative of two-photon continuum emission marks a turning point in our search for signatures of star formation following a top-heavy initial mass function in the early Universe. We develop a photometric search method for identifying further nebular-dominated galaxy candidates, whose nebular continuum dominates over the starlight, due to the high ionizing photon production efficiencies associated with massive star formation. We utilize the extensive medium-band imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), which enables the identification of Balmer jumps across a wide range of redshifts (), through the deficit in rest-frame optical continuum level. As Balmer jumps are a general recombination feature of young starbursts ( Myr), we further demand a high observed to power the strong nebular continuum, together with a relatively non-blue UV slope ( at ) indicating a lack of stellar continuum emission. Our nebular-dominated candidates, constituting per cent of galaxies at (decreasing to per cent at , not completeness-corrected) are faint in the rest-frame optical (median ) with extreme line emission (median Å, Å). However, hot H ii region temperatures, collisionally enhanced two-photon continuum emission, and strong UV lines are expected to accompany top-heavy star formation. Thus nebular-dominated galaxies do not necessarily exhibit the biggest Balmer jumps, nor the largest or reddest UV slopes. Hence continuum spectroscopy is ultimately required to establish the presence of a two-photon downturn in our candidates, thus advancing our understanding of primordial star formation and active galactic nucleus.