Michael Cretignier

Abstract:

The young TOI-451 planetary system, aged 125 Myr, provides a unique opportunity to test theories of planetary internal structures and atmospheric mass-loss through examination of its three transiting planets. We present an exhaustive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up to determine the orbital and physical properties of the system. We perform multidimensional Gaussian Process regression with the code pyaneti on spectroscopic time-series and NGTS/LCO light curves to disentangle the stellar and planetary signal in ESPRESSO radial velocities. We show how contemporaneous photometry serves as an activity indicator to inform RV modelling within a multidimensional Gaussian Processes framework. We argue that this can be exploited when spectroscopic observations are adversely affected by low signal-to-noise and/or poor sampling. We estimate the Doppler semi-amplitudes of , , and . This translates in 2 mass estimates for TOI-451 b and d of and ; as well as a mass upper limit for TOI-451 c of . The derived planetary properties suggest that planets c and d contain significant hydrogen-rich envelopes. The inferred parameters of TOI-451 b are consistent with either a rocky world that still retains a small hydrogen envelope or a water world. These insights make the TOI-451 system an ideal laboratory for future follow-up studies aimed at measuring atmospheric compositions, detecting atmospheric mass-loss signatures, and further exploring planetary formation and evolution processes.

Abstract:

The HARPS-N solar telescope has been observing the Sun every possible day since the summer of 2015. We have recently released 10 years of these data, which are available online. The goal of this paper is to present the different optimisations made to the ESPRESSO data reduction software used to extract the published HARPS-N solar spectra, describe the data curation, and perform some analyses that demonstrate the extreme radial velocity (RV) precision of those data. By analysing all of the HARPS-N wavelength solutions over 13 years, we brought to light instrumental systematics at the 1 level. We mitigated those systematics by curating the thorium line list used to derive the wavelength solution and applying a correction to the drift of thorium lines induced by the aging of thorium-argon hollow cathode lamps. After optimisation, we demonstrated a peak-to-peak precision on the HARPS-N wavelength solution better than 0.75 or well-understood instrumental systematics. Finally, we corrected the curated data for spurious sub-meter-per-second RV effects caused by erroneous instrumental drift measurements and by changes in the spectral blaze function over time. over 13 years. We then carefully curated the decade of HARPS-N re-reduced solar observations by rejecting 30% of the data affected either by clouds, bad atmospheric conditions After curation and correction, a total of 109,466 HARPS-N solar spectra and respective RVs over a decade were made available. The median photon-noise precision of the RV data is 0.28 and on daily timescales, the median RV rms is 0.49 which is similar to the level imposed by stellar granulation signals. On 10 year timescales, the large RV rms of 2.95 results from the RV signature of the Sun's magnetic cycle. Through modelling of this long-term effect using the Bremen composite magnesium II activity index, we demonstrate a long-term RV precision of 0.41 We also analysed contemporaneous HARPS-N and NEID solar RVs and found the data from both instruments to be of similar quality and precision. However, an analysis of the RV difference between these two RV datasets over the three available years gave a surprisingly large RV rms of 1.3 This variation is dominated by an unexplained trend that could be caused by a different sensitivity to stellar activity of the two datasets. Once this trend was modelled, the overall RV rms for three years reached 0.79 and the RV rms during the low-activity phase decreased to 0.6 compatible with what is expected from supergranulation. This decade of high-cadence HARPS-N solar observations with short- and long-term precision below one represents a crucial dataset in the pursuit of further understanding the stellar activity signals in solar-type stars and advancing other science cases requiring such extreme precision.

Abstract:

Earth-like planets orbiting in the habitable zone of K- to G-type stars create an RV effect in amplitude of less than 1 and have orbital periods of hundreds of days. Only long-term RV surveys with sub-meter per second precision instruments can explore the outer regions of Sun-like stars and look for Earth-like planets and super-Earths. Detecting Earth-like or super-Earth planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars is crucial to provide targets to the next generation of direct imaging facilities. We present the analysis of the K-type star HD 176986. It has a brightness of V=8.45 mag and a distance from the Sun of d = 27.88 pc. This star hosts a known planetary system of two super-Earths. We utilize historical and recently collected RV measurements to investigate the presence of Earth- and super-Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of HD 176986. We monitored the system with HARPS and HARPS-N. We joined historical datasets with new data collected in an ongoing blind search program. We took advantage of recently developed tools for RV extraction and stellar activity filtering. The analysis of activity indicators permits us to determine the period of the magnetic cycle of the star alongside its rotation period. We performed a joint analysis of RVs and activity indicators through multidimensional GPs to better constrain the activity model in RVs and avoid overfitting. We detected a new planet orbiting the star and retrieved the two known planets. HD 176986 b has an orbital period of 6.49164 +0.00030 _ -0.00029 $ and a minimum mass of 5.36 ± 0.44 M⊕. HD 176986 c has an orbital period of P_c = 16.8124 ± 0.0015 and a minimum mass of 9.75_ -0.64 ^ +0.65 M⊕. HD 176986 d has an orbital period of 61.376^ +0.051 _ -0.049 and a minimum mass of 6.76_ -0.92 ^ +0.91 M⊕. From the analysis of activity indicators, we find evidence of a magnetic cycle with a period of 2432_ -59 ^ +64 , along with a rotation period of 36.05 $_ -0.71 ^ +0.67 . We discover a new planet in the multi-planet system orbiting the K-type star HD 176986. All the planets have minimum masses compatible with super-Earths or mini-Neptunes.

Abstract:

Abstract We provide a detailed characterisation of the planetary system orbiting HD 85426 (TOI-1774). This bright G-type star (M*: 0.99 M⊙; R*: 1.13 R⊙; age: 7.4 Gyr; V mag: 8.25) hosts a transiting sub-Neptune, HD 85426 b, with an orbital period of 16.71 days and a blackbody equilibrium temperature of $824^{+11}_{-11}$ K. By jointly analysing HARPS-N RVs, TESS, and CHEOPS photometric data and using two different stellar activity mitigation techniques, we constrain planet b’s mass to $6.0^{+1.5}_{-1.6}$ M⊕ and $8.5^{+1.3}_{-1.4}$ M⊕, depending on the mitigation technique. We investigate the dependence of these results on the priors, data selection, and inclusion of other Keplerians in the modelling. Using this approach, we identify the presence of two non-transiting planetary companions with minimum masses near 10 M⊕ and orbital periods of 35.7 and 89 days. Additionally, we reject the initial hypothesis that the 35.7-day periodic signal was due to stellar activity. We also determine HD 85426 b’s radius to be $2.78^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$ R⊕ and compute a transmission spectroscopy metric in the range of 82 to 115, making this planet a highly valuable target for atmospheric characterisation.

Abstract:

Understanding the link between outer giant planets ( and inner light planets ( is key to understanding planetary system formation and architecture. The correlation between these two populations of planets is debated both theoretically -- different formation models predict either a correlation or an anticorrelation -- and observationally. Several recent attempts to constrain this correlation have yielded contradictory results, due to small-number statistics and heterogeneous samples. We present an ongoing long-term observational effort with CORALIE, HARPS, and ESPRESSO to probe the occurrence in systems with and without In this first article of a series, we discuss how, from the design to the observations, we ensured the homogeneity of the samples, both in terms of stellar properties and observing strategy. We also present the first three detections of in our host sample. We find a planet at around a planet at around and we confirm the planet at around . While a rigorous statistical analysis of our samples will be performed in subsequent studies, the relatively low number of detections in our sample seems to contradict previous studies that found a strong correlation.