Philipp Podsiadlowski

Abstract:

Double neutron stars (DNSs), binary systems consisting of a radio pulsar and a generally undetected second neutron star (NS), have proven to be excellent laboratories for testing the theory of general relativity. The seven systems discovered in our Galaxy exhibit a remarkably well-defined relation between the pulsar spin period and the orbital eccentricity. Here we show, using a simple model where the pulsar is spun up by mass transfer from a helium-star companion, that this relation can only be produced if the second neutron star received a kick that is substantially smaller (with a velocity dispersion of less than 50 km/s) than the standard kick received by a single radio pulsar. This demonstrates that the kick mechanism depends on the evolutionary history of the NS progenitor and that the orbital parameters of DNSs are completely determined by the evolution in the preceding helium star - neutron star phase. This has important implications for estimating the rates of NS-NS mergers, one of the major potential astrophysical sources for the direct detection of gravitational waves, and for short-period gamma-ray bursts.

Abstract:

One possible fate of an accreting white dwarf is explosion in a type la supernova. However, the route to the thermonuclear runaway has always been uncertain owing to the lack of a convective model consistent with the Urca process.We derive a formalism for convective motions involving two radial flows. This formalism provides a framework for convective models that guarantees self-consistency for chemistry and energy budget, allows time-dependence and describes the interaction of convective motions with the global contraction or expansion of the star. In the one-stream limit, we reproduce several already existing convective models and allow them to treat chemistry. We also suggest as a model easy to implement in a stellar evolution code.We apply this formalism to convective Urca cores in Chandrasekhar mass white dwarfs. We stress that in degenerate matter, nuclear reactions that change the number of electrons strongly influence the convective velocities. We point out the sensitivity of the energy budget on the mixing. We illustrate our model by computing stationary convective cores with Urca nuclei. We show that even a very small mass fraction of Urca nuclei (10(-8)) strongly influences the convective velocities.Finally, we present preliminary computations of the late evolution of a close to Chandrasekhar mass C+O white dwarf including the convective Urca process.

Abstract:

The double pulsar J0737--3039 has become an important astrophysical laboratory for testing fundamental physics. Here we demonstrate that the low measured mass of Pulsar B can be used to constrain the equation of state of neutron star matter {\em under the assumption} that it formed in an electron-capture supernova. We show that the observed orbital parameters as well as the likely evolutionary history of the system support such a hypothesis and discuss future refinements that will improve the constraints this test may provide.

Abstract:

Evidence of high-velocity features such as those seen in the near-maximum spectra of some Type Ia Supernovae (eg SN 2000cx) has been searched for in the available SNIa spectra observed earlier than one week before B maximum. Recent observational efforts have doubled the number of SNeIa with very early spectra. Remarkably, all SNeIa with early data (7 in our RTN sample and 10 from other programmes) show signs of such features, to a greater or lesser degree, in CaII IR, and some also in SiII 6255A line. High-velocity features may be interpreted as abundance or density enhancements. Abundance enhancements would imply an outer region dominated by Si and Ca. Density enhancements may result from the sweeping up of circumstellar material by the highest velocity SN ejecta. In this scenario, the high incidence of HVFs suggests that a thick disc and/or a high-density companion wind surrounds the exploding white dwarf, as may be the case in Single Degenerate systems. Large-scale angular fluctuations in the radial density and abundance distribution may also be responsible: this could originate in the explosion, and would suggest a deflagration as the more likely explosion mechanism. CSM-interaction and surface fluctuations may coexist, possibly leaving different signatures on the spectrum. In some SNe the HVFs are narrowly confined in velocity, suggesting the ejection of blobs of burned material.

Abstract:

We investigate the mass loss from a rotationally distorted envelope following the early, rapid in-spiral of a companion star inside a common envelope. For initially wide, massive binaries (M_1+M_2=20M_{\odot}, P\sim 10 yr), the primary has a convective envelope at the onset of mass transfer and is able to store much of the available orbital angular momentum in its expanded envelope. Three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics calculations show that mass loss is enhanced at mid-latitudes due to shock reflection from a torus-shaped outer envelope. Mass ejection in the equatorial plane is completely suppressed if the shock wave is too weak to penetrate the outer envelope in the equatorial direction (typically when the energy deposited in the star is less than about one-third of the binding energy of the envelope). We present a parameter study to show how the geometry of the ejecta depends on the angular momentum and the energy deposited in the envelope during a merging event. Applications to the nearly axisymmetric, but very non-spherical nebulae around SN1987A and Sheridan 25 are discussed, as well as possible links to RY Scuti and the Small Magellanic Cloud object R4.