Prof Henry Snaith FRS

Abstract:

Metal halide perovskite semiconductors offer rapid, low-cost deposition of solar cell active layers with a wide range of band gaps, making them ideal candidates for multijunction solar cells. Here, we combine optical and electrical models using experimental inputs to evaluate the feasible performances of all-perovskite double-junction (2PJ), triple-junction (3PJ), and perovskite-perovskite-silicon triple-junction (2PSJ) solar cells. Using parameters and design constraints from the current state-of-the-art generation of perovskite solar cells, we find that 2PJs can feasibly approach 32% power conversion efficiency, 3PJs can reach 33%, and 2PSJs can surpass 35%. We also outline pathways to improve light harvesting and demonstrate that it is possible to raise the performances to 34%, 37%, and 39% for the three architectures. Additionally, we discuss important future directions of research. Finally, we perform energy yield modeling to demonstrate that the multijunction solar cells should not suffer from reduced operational performances due to discrepancies between the AM1.5G and real-world spectrum over the course of a year.

Abstract:

Ultralow trap densities, exceptional optical and electronic properties have been reported for lead halide perovskites single crystals; however, ambiguities in basic properties, such as the band gap, and the electronic defect densities in the bulk and at the surface prevail. Here, we synthesize single crystals of methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3), characterise the optical absorption and photoluminescence and show that the optical properties of single crystals are almost identical to those of polycrystalline thin films. We observe significantly longer lifetimes and show that carrier diffusion plays a substantial role in the photoluminescence decay. Contrary to many reports, we determine that the trap density in CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystals is 1015 cm-3, only one order of magnitude lower than in the thin films. Our enhanced understanding of optical properties and recombination processes elucidates ambiguities in earlier reports, and highlights the discrepancies in the estimation of trap densities from electronic and optical methods.Metal halide perovskites for optoelectronic devices have been extensively studied in two forms: single-crystals or polycrystalline thin films. Using spectroscopic approaches, Wenger et al. show that polycrystalline thin films possess similar optoelectronic properties to single crystals.

Abstract:

We demonstrate a monolithic tandem solar cell by sequentially depositing a higher-bandgap (2.3 eV) CH3NH3PbBr3subcell and a lower-bandgap (1.55 eV) CH3NH3PbI3subcell bandgap perovskite cells, in conjugation with a solution-processed organic charge carrier recombination layer, which serves to protect the underlying subcell and allows for voltage addition of the two subcells. Owing to the low-loss series connection, we achieve a large open-circuit voltage of 1.96 V. Through optical and electronic modeling, we estimate the feasible efficiency of this device architecture to be 25.9%, achievable with integrating a best-in-class CH3NH3PbI3sub cell and a 2.05 eV wide bandgap perovskite cell with an optimized optical structure. Compared to previous reported all-perovskite tandem cells, we solely employ Pb-based perovskites, which although have wider band gap than Sn based perovskites, are not at risk of instability due to the unstable charge state of the Sn2+ion. Additionally, the bandgap combination we use in this study could be an advantage for triple junction cells on top of silicon. Our findings indicate that wide band gap all-perovskite tandems could be a feasible device structure for higher efficiency perovskite thin-film solar cells.