Prof Henry Snaith FRS

Abstract:

Hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristics of vapor-deposited perovskite solar cells is shown to originate from an amorphous region of CH3NH3PbI3 at the interface with the device's electron transport layer. Interface engineering is used to produce highly crystalline perovskite material at this interface which results in hysteresis-free evaporated planar heterojunction solar cells.

Abstract:

The remarkable optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskite absorbers have, in the past years, made the perovskite solar cell one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies. The charge collecting layers are essential parts of this type of solar cell. Carbon nanotubes have emerged as a potential candidate to take on this role. Equipped with a range of highly beneficial properties including excellent charge transport characteristics, chemical inertness, as well as mechanical robustness, carbon nanotubes are able to both efficiently extract photogenerated charges, and improve the resilience and stability of a perovskite solar cell. In this Research News article we give a concise overview of the current state-of-the-art of perovskite solar cells in which carbon nanotubes are incorporated as a charge conduction layer.

Abstract:

Single crystals of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) have been grown by iodine vapor transport with and without addition of NaI. Crystals with tin-rich copper-poor and with zinc-rich copper-poor stoichiometries were obtained. The crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, photocurrent spectroscopy and electroreflectance spectroscopy using electrolyte contacts as well as by spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL)/decay. Near-resonance Raman spectra indicate that the CZTS crystals adopt the kesterite structure with near-equilibrium residual disorder. The corrected external quantum efficiency of the p-type crystals measured by photocurrent spectroscopy approaches 100% close to the bandgap energy, indicating efficient carrier collection. The bandgap of the CZTS crystals estimated from the external quantum efficiency spectrum measured using an electrolyte contact was found to be 1.64–1.68 eV. An additional sub-bandgap photocurrent response (Urbach tail) was attributed to sub bandgap defect states. The room temperature PL of the crystals was attributed to radiative recombination via tail states, with lifetimes in the nanosecond range. At high excitation intensities, the PL spectrum also showed evidence of direct band to band transitions at ∼1.6 eV with a shorter decay time. Electrolyte electroreflectance spectra and spectra of the third derivative of the optical dielectric constant in the bandgap region were fitted to two optical transitions at 1.71 and 1.81 eV suggesting a larger valence band splitting than predicted theoretically. The high values of the EER broadening parameters (192 meV) indicate residual disorder consistent with the existence of tail states.