Hiroto Takahashi

Abstract:

A recent advance in the study of emergent magnetic monopoles was the discovery that monopole motion is restricted to dynamical fractal trajectories [J. N. Hallén et al., Science 378, 1218 (2022)], thus explaining the characteristics of magnetic monopole noise spectra [R. Dusad et al., Nature 571, 234 (2019); A. M. Samarakoon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119, e2117453119 (2022)]. Here, we apply this novel theory to explore the dynamics of field-driven monopole currents, finding them composed of two quite distinct transport processes: initially swift fractal rearrangements of local monopole configurations followed by conventional monopole diffusion. This theory also predicts a characteristic frequency dependence of the dissipative loss angle for AC field–driven currents. To explore these novel perspectives on monopole transport, we introduce simultaneous monopole current control and measurement techniques using SQUID-based monopole current sensors. For the canonical material Dy2Ti2O7, we measure Φ(t), the time dependence of magnetic flux threading the sample when a net monopole current J(t) = Φ̇ (t)∕0 is generated by applying an external magnetic field B0(t). These experiments find a sharp dichotomy of monopole currents, separated by their distinct relaxation time constants before and after t ~600 μs from monopole current initiation. Application of sinusoidal magnetic fields B0(t) = Bcos(t) generates oscillating monopole currents whose loss angle ( f ) exhibits a characteristic transition at frequency f ≈ 1.8 kHz over the same temperature range. Finally, the magnetic noise power is also dichotomic, diminishing sharply after t ~600 μs. This complex phenomenology represents an unprecedented form of dynamical heterogeneity generated by the interplay of fractionalization and local spin configurational symmetry.

Abstract:

Spin liquids, not showing a spontaneous-symmetry-breaking order down to low temperatures, serve as a platform for unconventional spin-correlated phenomena beyond the Landau paradigm. Numerous varieties of classical and quantum spin liquids (QSL) motivate the experimental identification of different spin liquid states. However, the lack of an unambiguous signature makes the identification attempts often unsuccessful. A new experimental approach is clearly needed, and an emerging concept is to use spin noise as fingerprints of spin liquid states.

In this thesis, I perform spin noise spectroscopy on spin liquid compounds whose specific states have not been established. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to different classes of spin liquid states and the difficulty in their identification, motivating a new experimental approach. Chapter 2 explains the principle of spin noise spectroscopy, together with more conventional AC susceptometry. I also introduce a spin noise spectrometer that employs a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID). In Chapter 3, I present the SQUID spin noise spectrometers that I designed and assembled during my DPhil. They have an extreme sensitivity approaching 10⁻¹⁴ T/√Hz, broad bandwidth of DC to 100 kHz, and a temperature range of 10 mK to 6000 mK. I utilize them to study QSL candidate compounds with controversial spin liquid states. Chapter 4 presents the spin noise study of Ca₁₀Cr₇O₂₈, which has been hypothesized to be either a QSL or a spiral spin liquid (SSL). Powerful spin noise spanning a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 50 kHz is discovered in Ca₁₀Cr₇O₂₈, and its overall correspondence with the prediction of SSL noise simulation evidences Ca₁₀Cr₇O₂₈ as an SSL. Lastly, Chapter 5 presents the spin noise study of ZnCu₃(OH)₆Cl₂, an iconic QSL candidate with a spin-1/2 kagome lattice. Spins substituted in the interlayer are discovered to generate powerful spin noise spanning from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz and to undergo a sharp transition at 260 mK. The experimental observations are consistent with spinon-mediated interactions between the interlayer spins, via the spinon spectrum in a quantum spin liquid state within the kagome layer.