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Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 10{18} eV.

Phys Rev Lett 104:9 (2010) 091101

Authors:

J Abraham, P Abreu, M Aglietta, EJ Ahn, D Allard, I Allekotte, J Allen, J Alvarez-Muñiz, M Ambrosio, L Anchordoqui, S Andringa, T Anticić, A Anzalone, C Aramo, E Arganda, K Arisaka, F Arqueros, H Asorey, P Assis, J Aublin, M Ave, G Avila, T Bäcker, D Badagnani, M Balzer, KB Barber, AF Barbosa, SLC Barroso, B Baughman, P Bauleo, JJ Beatty, BR Becker, KH Becker, A Bellétoile, JA Bellido, S Benzvi, C Berat, T Bergmann, X Bertou, PL Biermann, P Billoir, O Blanch-Bigas, F Blanco, M Blanco, C Bleve, H Blümer, M Bohácová, D Boncioli, C Bonifazi, R Bonino, N Borodai, J Brack, P Brogueira, WC Brown, R Bruijn, P Buchholz, A Bueno, RE Burton, NG Busca, KS Caballero-Mora, L Caramete, R Caruso, A Castellina, O Catalano, G Cataldi, L Cazon, R Cester, J Chauvin, A Chiavassa, JA Chinellato, A Chou, J Chudoba, RW Clay, E Colombo, MR Coluccia, R Conceição, F Contreras, H Cook, MJ Cooper, J Coppens, A Cordier, U Cotti, S Coutu, CE Covault, A Creusot, A Criss, J Cronin, A Curutiu, S Dagoret-Campagne, R Dallier, K Daumiller, BR Dawson, RM de Almeida, M De Domenico, C De Donato, SJ de Jong, G De La Vega, WJM de Mello Junior, JRT de Mello Neto, I De Mitri, V de Souza, KD de Vries, G Decerprit, L Del Peral, O Deligny, A Della Selva, C Delle Fratte, H Dembinski, C Di Giulio, JC Diaz, ML Díaz Castro, PN Diep, C Dobrigkeit, JC D'Olivo, PN Dong, A Dorofeev, JC Dos Anjos, MT Dova, D D'Urso, I Dutan, MA Duvernois, J Ebr, R Engel, M Erdmann, CO Escobar, A Etchegoyen, P Facal San Luis, H Falcke, G Farrar, AC Fauth, N Fazzini, A Ferrero, B Fick, A Filevich, A Filipcic, I Fleck, S Fliescher, CE Fracchiolla, ED Fraenkel, U Fröhlich, W Fulgione, RF Gamarra, S Gambetta, B García, D García Gámez, D Garcia-Pinto, X Garrido, G Gelmini, H Gemmeke, PL Ghia, U Giaccari, M Giller, H Glass, LM Goggin, MS Gold, G Golup, F Gomez Albarracin, M Gómez Berisso, P Gonçalves, D Gonzalez, JG Gonzalez, D Góra, A Gorgi, P Gouffon, SR Gozzini, E Grashorn, S Grebe, M Grigat, AF Grillo, Y Guardincerri, F Guarino, GP Guedes, JD Hague, V Halenka, P Hansen, D Harari, S Harmsma, JL Harton, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, AE Herve, C Hojvat, VC Holmes, P Homola, JR Hörandel, A Horneffer, M Hrabovský, T Huege, M Hussain, M Iarlori, A Insolia, F Ionita, A Italiano, S Jiraskova, K Kadija, M Kaducak, KH Kampert, T Karova, P Kasper, B Kégl, B Keilhauer, A Keivani, J Kelley, E Kemp, RM Kieckhafer, HO Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller, R Knapik, J Knapp, D-H Koang, A Krieger, O Krömer, D Kruppke-Hansen, F Kuehn, D Kuempel, K Kulbartz, N Kunka, A Kusenko, G La Rosa, C Lachaud, BL Lago, P Lautridou, MSAB Leão, D Lebrun, P Lebrun, J Lee, MA Leigui de Oliveira, A Lemiere, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon, R López, A Lopez Agüera, K Louedec, J Lozano Bahilo, A Lucero, M Ludwig, H Lyberis, MC Maccarone, C Macolino, S Maldera, D Mandat, P Mantsch, AG Mariazzi, V Marin, IC Maris, HR Marquez Falcon, G Marsella, D Martello, O Martínez Bravo, HJ Mathes, J Matthews, JAJ Matthews, G Matthiae, D Maurizio, PO Mazur, M McEwen, G Medina-Tanco, M Melissas, D Melo, E Menichetti, A Menshikov, C Meurer, S Micanović, MI Micheletti, W Miller, L Miramonti, S Mollerach, M Monasor, D Monnier Ragaigne, F Montanet, B Morales, C Morello, E Moreno, JC Moreno, C Morris, M Mostafá, S Mueller, MA Muller, R Mussa, G Navarra, JL Navarro, S Navas, P Necesal, L Nellen, PT Nhung, N Nierstenhoefer, D Nitz, D Nosek, L Nozka, M Nyklicek, J Oehlschläger, A Olinto, P Oliva, VM Olmos-Gilbaja, M Ortiz, N Pacheco, D Pakk Selmi-Dei, M Palatka, J Pallotta, N Palmieri, G Parente, E Parizot, S Parlati, A Parra, J Parrisius, RD Parsons, S Pastor, T Paul, V Pavlidou, K Payet, M Pech, J Pekala, R Pelayo, IM Pepe, L Perrone, R Pesce, E Petermann, S Petrera, P Petrinca, A Petrolini, Y Petrov, J Petrovic, C Pfendner, R Piegaia, T Pierog, M Pimenta, V Pirronello, M Platino, VH Ponce, M Pontz, P Privitera, M Prouza, EJ Quel, J Rautenberg, O Ravel, D Ravignani, A Redondo, B Revenu, FAS Rezende, J Ridky, S Riggi, M Risse, P Ristori, C Rivière, V Rizi, C Robledo, G Rodriguez, J Rodriguez Martino, J Rodriguez Rojo, I Rodriguez-Cabo, MD Rodríguez-Frías, G Ros, J Rosado, T Rossler, M Roth, B Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, E Roulet, AC Rovero, F Salamida, H Salazar, G Salina, F Sánchez, M Santander, CE Santo, E Santos, EM Santos, F Sarazin, S Sarkar, R Sato, N Scharf, V Scherini, H Schieler, P Schiffer, A Schmidt, F Schmidt, T Schmidt, O Scholten, H Schoorlemmer, J Schovancova, P Schovánek, F Schroeder, S Schulte, F Schüssler, D Schuster, SJ Sciutto, M Scuderi, A Segreto, D Semikoz, M Settimo, A Shadkam, RC Shellard, I Sidelnik, BB Siffert, G Sigl, A Smiałkowski, R Smída, GR Snow, P Sommers, J Sorokin, H Spinka, R Squartini, J Stasielak, M Stephan, E Strazzeri, A Stutz, F Suarez, T Suomijärvi, AD Supanitsky, T Susa, MS Sutherland, J Swain, Z Szadkowski, A Tamashiro, A Tamburro, A Tapia, T Tarutina, O Taşcău, R Tcaciuc, D Tcherniakhovski, D Tegolo, NT Thao, D Thomas, J Tiffenberg, C Timmermans, W Tkaczyk, CJ Todero Peixoto, B Tomé, A Tonachini, P Travnicek, DB Tridapalli, G Tristram, E Trovato, M Tueros, R Ulrich, M Unger, M Urban, JF Valdés Galicia, I Valiño, L Valore, AM van den Berg, JR Vázquez, RA Vázquez, D Veberic, T Venters, V Verzi, M Videla, L Villaseñor, S Vorobiov, L Voyvodic, H Wahlberg, P Wahrlich, O Wainberg, D Warner, AA Watson, S Westerhoff, BJ Whelan, G Wieczorek, L Wiencke, B Wilczyńska, H Wilczyński, C Williams, T Winchen, MG Winnick, B Wundheiler, T Yamamoto, P Younk, G Yuan, A Yushkov, E Zas, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, I Zaw, A Zepeda, M Ziolkowski, Pierre Auger Collaboration

Abstract:

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X{max}, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10;{18} eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106{-21}{+35}) g/cm{2}/decade below 10{18.24+/-0.05} eV, and (24+/-3) g/cm{2}/decade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm{2}. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.
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The northern site of the Pierre Auger Observatory

New Journal of Physics IOP Publishing 12:3 (2010) 035001
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Calibration and Characterization of the IceCube Photomultiplier Tube

ArXiv 1002.2442 (2010)

Authors:

The IceCube Collaboration, R Abbasi, Y Abdou, T Abu-Zayyad, J Adams, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, K Andeen, J Auffenberg, X Bai, M Baker, SW Barwick, R Bay, JL Bazo Alba, K Beattie, JJ Beatty, S Bechet, JK Becker, K-H Becker, ML Benabderrahmane, J Berdermann, P Berghaus, D Berley, E Bernardini, D Bertrand, DZ Besson, M Bissok, E Blaufuss, DJ Boersma, C Bohm, O Botner, L Bradley, J Braun, S Buitink, M Carson, D Chirkin, B Christy, J Clem, S Cohen, C Colnard, DF Cowen, MV D'Agostino, M Danninger, C De Clercq, L Demirörs, O Depaepe, F Descamps, P Desiati, G de Vries-Uiterweerd, T DeYoung, JC Díaz-Vélez, J Dreyer, JP Dumm, MR Duvoort, R Ehrlich, J Eisch, RW Ellsworth, O Engdegård, S Euler, PA Evenson, O Fadiran, AR Fazely, T Feusels, K Filimonov, C Finley, MM Foerster, BD Fox, A Franckowiak, R Franke, TK Gaisser, J Gallagher, R Ganugapati, M Geisler, L Gerhardt, L Gladstone, A Goldschmidt, JA Goodman, D Grant, T Griesel, A Groß, S Grullon, RM Gunasingha, M Gurtner, C Ha, A Hallgren, F Halzen, K Han, K Hanson, Y Hasegawa, J Haugen, K Helbing, P Herquet, S Hickford, GC Hill, KD Hoffman, A Homeier, K Hoshina, D Hubert, W Huelsnitz, J-P Hülß, PO Hulth, K Hultqvist, S Hussain, RL Imlay, M Inaba, A Ishihara, J Jacobsen, GS Japaridze, H Johansson, JM Joseph, K-H Kampert, A Kappes, T Karg, A Karle, JL Kelley, N Kemming, P Kenny, J Kiryluk, F Kislat, N Kitamura, SR Klein, S Knops, G Kohnen, H Kolanoski, L Köpke, DJ Koskinen, M Kowalski, T Kowarik, M Krasberg, T Krings, G Kroll, K Kuehn, T Kuwabara, M Labare, S Lafebre, K Laihem, H Landsman, R Lauer, A Laundrie, R Lehmann, D Lennarz, J Lünemann, J Madsen, P Majumdar, R Maruyama, K Mase, HS Matis, M Matusik, K Meagher, M Merck, P Mészáros, T Meures, E Middell, N Milke, H Miyamoto, T Montaruli, R Morse, SM Movit, R Nahnhauer, JW Nam, U Naumann, P Nießen, DR Nygren, S Odrowski, A Olivas, M Olivo, M Ono, S Panknin, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, J Petrovic, A Piegsa, D Pieloth, AC Pohl, R Porrata, J Posselt, PB Price, M Prikockis, GT Przybylski, K Rawlins, P Redl, E Resconi, W Rhode, M Ribordy, A Rizzo, P Robl, JP Rodrigues, P Roth, F Rothmaier, C Rott, C Roucelle, D Rutledge, B Ruzybayev, D Ryckbosch, H-G Sander, P Sandstrom, S Sarkar, K Schatto, S Schlenstedt, T Schmidt, D Schneider, A Schukraft, A Schultes, O Schulz, M Schunck, D Seckel, B Semburg, SH Seo, Y Sestayo, S Seunarine, A Silvestri, A Slipak, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, G Stephens, T Stezelberger, RG Stokstad, S Stoyanov, EA Strahler, T Straszheim, GW Sullivan, Q Swillens, I Taboada, A Tamburro, O Tarasova, A Tepe, S Ter-Antonyan, C Terranova, S Tilav, PA Toale, D Tosi, D Turcan, N van Eijndhoven, J Vandenbroucke, A Van Overloop, J van Santen, B Voigt, D Wahl, C Walck, T Waldenmaier, M Wallraff, M Walter, C Wendt, S Westerhoff, N Whitehorn, K Wiebe, CH Wiebusch, G Wikström, DR Williams, R Wischnewski, H Wissing, K Woschnagg, C Xu, XW Xu, G Yodh, S Yoshida, P Zarzhitsky

Abstract:

Over 5,000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-inch diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.
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Phenomenology of Rotating Extra‐Dimensional Black Holes at Hadron Colliders

AIP Conference Proceedings AIP Publishing 1200:1 (2010) 595-598

Authors:

James A Frost, George Alverson, Pran Nath, Brent Nelson
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Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10^18 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

ArXiv 1002.1975 (2010)

Abstract:

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory. Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 10^18 eV. We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array. The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular, the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape. The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E^-gamma with index gamma=3.3 below the ankle which is measured at log10(E/eV) = 18.6. Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2.6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log10(E/eV) = 19.5, detected with high statistical significance.
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