Planetary Climate Dynamics

Abstract:

The study of baroclinic instability has its origins in attempts to explain the genesis of midlatitude synoptic storm systems. The authors provide an account of the fundamental material and unfamiliar aspects of the linear theory. Essential observational background is provided in section 2, and the mathematical basics are laid out in section 3. The review for the most part focuses on quasigeostrophic dynamics, considering only dry dynamics. Discussion is slanted towards the terrestrial atmosphere. Stability criteria are treated in section 4, and normal modes are discussed in section 5. Aspects of the linear initial value problem are taken up in section 6. Section 7 considers briefly the difficult subject of nonlinear equilibration. Finally, section 8, takes stock of where the subject stands and where it is going. (from Authors)

Abstract:

A meteorological data assimilation scheme has been developed for Mars, based on techniques used for the current operational scheme at the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO). The scheme has been designed to interface with a range of models of varying complexity, from a simple primitive equations model to a full martian general circulation model with detailed parameterizations of the most important physical processes. The scheme was originally intended to be used primarily for analysis of temperature profiles from the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR) onboard the Mars Observer (MO) spacecraft. It is, however, capable of analysing any asynoptic, randomly-distributed dataset, which may include surface pressure, temperature, velocity or constituent data originating either from other past or future spacecraft missions or from models. It is proposed to use the scheme not only for interpretation of forthcoming data from future spacecraft but also for model inter-comparisons, for hind-casting earlier martian data for model validation and for data impact studies in the planning of new missions. Initial results have demonstrated successful assimilations of trial orbiter and lander data into models with different initial conditions and physics, although a large number of landers might be required if orbiter data were not available. An optimum approach would combine orbiter data with simultaneous measurements from a small number of landers.

Abstract:

The development and evolution of baroclinic transient waves are simulated in a high resolution, general circulation model (GCM) of the Martian atmosphere, including simulations both with and without a representation of the diurnal cycle of solar heating. Simulations with diurnally-averaged insolation are found to develop highly regular baroclinic transients during northern hemisphere autumn, winter and spring seasons, characterized by zonal wavenumber 1 or 2 and periods of 2-6 sols (a sol being a Martian day). With a diurnal cycle, however, transients are found to be significantly more irregular throughout the winter season, sporadically changing their dominant wavenumber and frequency, and resemble more closely data from the Viking Lander time series. These results are discussed with reference to some simple conceptual models in nonlinear dynamics, in terms either of a periodically-perturbed, self-exciting oscillator, or of attractor-merging near a crisis in a periodically perturbed bistable system.