The SNEWS 2.0 alert software for the coincident detection of neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae

Journal of Instrumentation IOP Publishing 19:10 (2024) P10017

Authors:

M Kara, S Torres-Lara, AL Baxter, S BenZvi, M Colomer Molla, A Habig, JP Kneller, M Lai, RF Lang, M Linvill, D Milisavljevic, J Migenda, C Orr, K Scholberg, J Smolsky, J Tseng, CD Tunnell, J Vasel, A Sheshukov

Abstract:

The neutrino signal from the next galactic core-collapse supernova will provide an invaluable early warning of the explosion. By combining the burst trigger from several neutrino detectors, the location of the explosion can be triangulated minutes to hours before the optical emission becomes visible, while also reducing the rate of false-positive triggers. To enable multi-messenger follow-up of nearby supernovae, the SuperNova Early Warning System 2.0 (SNEWS 2.0) will produce a combined alert using a global network of neutrino detectors. This paper describes the trigger publishing and alert formation framework of the SNEWS 2.0 network. The framework is built on the HOPSKOTCH publish-subscribe system to easily incorporate new detectors into the network, and it implements a coincidence system to form alerts and estimate a false-positive rate for the combined triggers. The paper outlines the structure of the SNEWS 2.0 software and the initial testing of coincident signals.

Retrieval of the physical parameters of galaxies from WEAVE-StePS-like data using machine learning

Astronomy and Astrophysics EDP Sciences 690 (2024) A198

Authors:

J Angthopo, B Granett, F La Barbera, M Longhetti, A Iovino, M Fossati, Chiara Spiniello, Gavin Dalton, S Jin

Abstract:

Context

The William Herschel Telescope Enhanced Area Velocity Explorer (WEAVE) is a new, massively multiplexing spectrograph that allows us to collect about one thousand spectra over a 3 square degree field in one observation. The WEAVE Stellar Population Survey (WEAVE-StePS) in the next 5 years will exploit this new instrument to obtain high-S/N spectra for a magnitude-limited (IAB = 20.5) sample of ∼25 000 galaxies at moderate redshifts (z ≥ 0.3), providing insights into galaxy evolution in this as yet unexplored redshift range.

Aims

We aim to test novel techniques for retrieving the key physical parameters of galaxies from WEAVE-StePS spectra using both photometric and spectroscopic (spectral indices) information for a range of noise levels and redshift values.

Methods

We simulated ∼105 000 galaxy spectra assuming star formation histories with an exponentially declining star formation rate, covering a wide range of ages, stellar metallicities, specific star formation rates (sSFRs), and dust extinction values. We considered three redshifts (i.e. z = 0.3, 0.55, and 0.7), covering the redshift range that WEAVE-StePS will observe. We then evaluated the ability of the random forest and K-nearest neighbour algorithms to correctly predict the average age, metallicity, sSFR, dust attenuation, and time since the bulk of formation, assuming no measurement errors. We also checked how much the predictive ability deteriorates for different noise levels, with S/NI,obs = 10, 20, and 30, and at different redshifts. Finally, the retrieved sSFR was used to classify galaxies as part of the blue cloud, green valley, or red sequence.

Results

We find that both the random forest and K-nearest neighbour algorithms accurately estimate the mass-weighted ages, u-band-weighted ages, and metallicities with low bias. The dispersion varies from 0.08–0.16 dex for age and 0.11–0.25 dex for metallicity, depending on the redshift and noise level. For dust attenuation, we find a similarly low bias and dispersion. For the sSFR, we find a very good constraining power for star-forming galaxies, log sSFR ≳ −11, where the bias is ∼0.01 dex and the dispersion is ∼0.10 dex. However, for more quiescent galaxies, with log sSFR ≲ −11, we find a higher bias, ranging from 0.61 to 0.86 dex, and a higher dispersion, ∼0.4 dex, depending on the noise level and redshift. In general, we find that the random forest algorithm outperforms the K-nearest neighbours. Finally, we find that the classification of galaxies as members of the green valley is successful across the different redshifts and S/Ns.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that machine learning algorithms can accurately estimate the physical parameters of simulated galaxies for a WEAVE-StePS-like dataset, even at relatively low S/NI, obs = 10 per Å spectra with available ancillary photometric information. A more traditional approach, Bayesian inference, yields comparable results. The main advantage of using a machine learning algorithm is that, once trained, it requires considerably less time than other methods.

Quasi-periodic X-ray eruptions years after a nearby tidal disruption event

Nature Nature Research 634:8035 (2024) 804-808

Authors:

M Nicholl, DR Pasham, A Mummery, M Guolo, K Gendreau, GC Dewangan, EC Ferrara, R Remillard, C Bonnerot, J Chakraborty, A Hajela, VS Dhillon, AF Gillan, J Greenwood, ME Huber, A Janiuk, G Salvesen, S van Velzen, A Aamer, KD Alexander, CR Angus, Z Arzoumanian, K Auchettl, E Berger, JH Gillanders

Abstract:

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are luminous bursts of soft X-rays from the nuclei of galaxies, repeating on timescales of hours to weeks1–5. The mechanism behind these rare systems is uncertain, but most theories involve accretion disks around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) undergoing instabilities6–8 or interacting with a stellar object in a close orbit9–11. It has been suggested that this disk could be created when the SMBH disrupts a passing star8, 11, implying that many QPEs should be preceded by observable tidal disruption events (TDEs). Two known QPE sources show long-term decays in quiescent luminosity consistent with TDEs4, 12 and two observed TDEs have exhibited X-ray flares consistent with individual eruptions13, 14. TDEs and QPEs also occur preferentially in similar galaxies15. However, no confirmed repeating QPEs have been associated with a spectroscopically confirmed TDE or an optical TDE observed at peak brightness. Here we report the detection of nine X-ray QPEs with a mean recurrence time of approximately 48 h from AT2019qiz, a nearby and extensively studied optically selected TDE16. We detect and model the X-ray, ultraviolet (UV) and optical emission from the accretion disk and show that an orbiting body colliding with this disk provides a plausible explanation for the QPEs.

Determination of the Relative Sign of the Higgs Boson Couplings to W and Z Bosons Using WH Production via Vector-Boson Fusion with the ATLAS Detector

Physical Review Letters American Physical Society (APS) 133:14 (2024) 141801

Authors:

G Aad, B Abbott, K Abeling, NJ Abicht, SH Abidi, A Aboulhorma, H Abramowicz, H Abreu, Y Abulaiti, BS Acharya, C Adam Bourdarios, L Adamczyk, SV Addepalli, MJ Addison, J Adelman, A Adiguzel, T Adye, AA Affolder, Y Afik, MN Agaras, J Agarwala, A Aggarwal, C Agheorghiesei, A Ahmad, F Ahmadov, WS Ahmed, S Ahuja, X Ai, G Aielli, A Aikot, M Ait Tamlihat, B Aitbenchikh, I Aizenberg, M Akbiyik, TPA Åkesson, AV Akimov, D Akiyama, NN Akolkar, S Aktas, K Al Khoury, GL Alberghi, J Albert, P Albicocco, GL Albouy, S Alderweireldt, ZL Alegria, M Aleksa, IN Aleksandrov, C Alexa, T Alexopoulos, F Alfonsi, M Algren, M Alhroob, B Ali, HMJ Ali, S Ali, SW Alibocus, M Aliev, G Alimonti, W Alkakhi, C Allaire, BMM Allbrooke, JF Allen, CA Allendes Flores, PP Allport, A Aloisio, F Alonso, C Alpigiani, M Alvarez Estevez, A Alvarez Fernandez, M Alves Cardoso, MG Alviggi, M Aly, Y Amaral Coutinho, A Ambler, C Amelung, M Amerl, CG Ames, D Amidei, SP Amor Dos Santos, KR Amos, V Ananiev, C Anastopoulos, T Andeen, JK Anders, SY Andrean, A Andreazza, S Angelidakis, A Angerami, AV Anisenkov, A Annovi, C Antel, MT Anthony, E Antipov, M Antonelli, F Anulli, M Aoki, T Aoki, JA Aparisi Pozo, MA Aparo, L Aperio Bella, C Appelt, A Apyan, N Aranzabal, SJ Arbiol Val, C Arcangeletti, ATH Arce, E Arena, J-F Arguin, S Argyropoulos, J-H Arling, O Arnaez, H Arnold, G Artoni, H Asada, K Asai, S Asai, NA Asbah, K Assamagan, R Astalos, S Atashi, RJ Atkin, M Atkinson, H Atmani, PA Atmasiddha, K Augsten, S Auricchio, AD Auriol, VA Austrup, G Avolio, K Axiotis, G Azuelos, D Babal, H Bachacou, K Bachas, A Bachiu, F Backman, A Badea, TM Baer, P Bagnaia, M Bahmani, D Bahner, AJ Bailey, VR Bailey, JT Baines, L Baines, OK Baker, E Bakos, D Bakshi Gupta, V Balakrishnan, R Balasubramanian, EM Baldin, P Balek, E Ballabene, F Balli, LM Baltes, WK Balunas, J Balz, E Banas, M Bandieramonte, A Bandyopadhyay, S Bansal, L Barak, M Barakat, EL Barberio, D Barberis, M Barbero, MZ Barel, KN Barends, T Barillari, M-S Barisits, T Barklow, P Baron, DA Baron Moreno, A Baroncelli, G Barone, AJ Barr, JD Barr, L Barranco Navarro, F Barreiro, J Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, U Barron, MG Barros Teixeira, S Barsov, F Bartels, R Bartoldus, AE Barton, P Bartos, A Basan, M Baselga, A Bassalat, MJ Basso, CR Basson, RL Bates, S Batlamous, JR Batley, B Batool, M Battaglia, D Battulga, M Bauce, M Bauer, P Bauer, LT Bazzano Hurrell, JB Beacham, T Beau, JY Beaucamp, PH Beauchemin, P Bechtle, HP Beck, K Becker, AJ Beddall, VA Bednyakov, CP Bee, LJ Beemster, TA Beermann, M Begalli, M Begel, A Behera, JK Behr, JF Beirer, F Beisiegel, M Belfkir, G Bella, L Bellagamba, A Bellerive, P Bellos, K Beloborodov, D Benchekroun, F Bendebba, Y Benhammou, M Benoit, JR Bensinger, S Bentvelsen, L Beresford, M Beretta, E Bergeaas Kuutmann, N Berger, B Bergmann, J Beringer, G Bernardi, C Bernius, FU Bernlochner, F Bernon, A Berrocal Guardia, T Berry, P Berta, A Berthold, IA Bertram, S Bethke, A Betti, AJ Bevan, NK Bhalla, M Bhamjee, S Bhatta, DS Bhattacharya, P Bhattarai, VS Bhopatkar, R Bi, RM Bianchi, G Bianco, O Biebel, R Bielski, M Biglietti, M Bindi, A Bingul, C Bini, A Biondini, CJ Birch-sykes, GA Bird, M Birman, M Biros, S Biryukov, T Bisanz, E Bisceglie, JP Biswal, D Biswas, A Bitadze, K Bjørke, I Bloch, A Blue, U Blumenschein, J Blumenthal, GJ Bobbink, VS Bobrovnikov, M Boehler, B Boehm, D Bogavac, AG Bogdanchikov, C Bohm, V Boisvert, P Bokan, T Bold, M Bomben, M Bona, M Boonekamp, CD Booth, AG Borbély, IS Bordulev, HM Borecka-Bielska, G Borissov, D Bortoletto, D Boscherini, M Bosman, JD Bossio Sola, K Bouaouda, N Bouchhar, J Boudreau, EV Bouhova-Thacker, D Boumediene, R Bouquet, A Boveia, J Boyd, D Boye, IR Boyko, J Bracinik, N Brahimi, G Brandt, O Brandt, F Braren, B Brau, JE Brau, R Brener, L Brenner, R Brenner, S Bressler, D Britton, D Britzger, I Brock, G Brooijmans, WK Brooks, E Brost, LM Brown, LE Bruce, TL Bruckler, PA Bruckman de Renstrom, B Brüers, A Bruni, G Bruni, M Bruschi, N Bruscino, T Buanes, Q Buat, D Buchin, AG Buckley, O Bulekov, BA Bullard, S Burdin, CD Burgard, AM Burger, B Burghgrave, O Burlayenko, JTP Burr, CD Burton, JC Burzynski, EL Busch, V Büscher, PJ Bussey, JM Butler, CM Buttar, JM Butterworth, W Buttinger, CJ Buxo Vazquez, AR Buzykaev, S Cabrera Urbán, L Cadamuro, D Caforio, H Cai, Y Cai, Y Cai, VMM Cairo, O Cakir, N Calace, P Calafiura, G Calderini, P Calfayan, G Callea, LP Caloba, D Calvet, S Calvet, M Calvetti, R Camacho Toro, S Camarda, D Camarero Munoz, P Camarri, MT Camerlingo, D Cameron, C Camincher, M Campanelli, A Camplani, V Canale, A Canesse, J Cantero, Y Cao, F Capocasa, M Capua, A Carbone, R Cardarelli, JCJ Cardenas, F Cardillo, G Carducci, T Carli, G Carlino, JI Carlotto, BT Carlson, EM Carlson, L Carminati, A Carnelli, M Carnesale, S Caron, E Carquin, S Carrá, G Carratta, F Carrio Argos, JWS Carter, TM Carter, MP Casado, M Caspar, FL Castillo, L Castillo Garcia, V Castillo Gimenez, NF Castro, A Catinaccio, JR Catmore, V Cavaliere, N Cavalli, V Cavasinni, YC Cekmecelioglu, E Celebi, F Celli, MS Centonze, V Cepaitis, K Cerny, AS Cerqueira, A Cerri, L Cerrito, F Cerutti, B Cervato, A Cervelli, G Cesarini, SA Cetin, D Chakraborty, J Chan, WY Chan, JD Chapman, E Chapon, B Chargeishvili, DG Charlton, M Chatterjee, C Chauhan, S Chekanov, SV Chekulaev, GA Chelkov, A Chen, B Chen, B Chen, H Chen, H Chen, J Chen, J Chen, M Chen, S Chen, SJ Chen, X Chen, X Chen, Y Chen, CL Cheng, HC Cheng, S Cheong, A Cheplakov, E Cheremushkina, E Cherepanova, R Cherkaoui El Moursli, E Cheu, K Cheung, L Chevalier, V Chiarella, G Chiarelli, N Chiedde, G Chiodini, AS Chisholm, A Chitan, M Chitishvili, MV Chizhov, K Choi, AR Chomont, Y Chou, EYS Chow, T Chowdhury, KL Chu, MC Chu, X Chu, J Chudoba, JJ Chwastowski, D Cieri, KM Ciesla, V Cindro, A Ciocio, F Cirotto, ZH Citron, M Citterio, DA Ciubotaru, A Clark, PJ Clark, C Clarry, JM Clavijo Columbie, SE Clawson, C Clement, J Clercx, Y Coadou, M Cobal, A Coccaro, RF Coelho Barrue, R Coelho Lopes De, S Coelli, AEC Coimbra, B Cole, J Collot, P Conde Muiño, MP Connell, SH Connell, IA Connelly, EI Conroy, F Conventi, HG Cooke, AM Cooper-Sarkar, A Cordeiro Oudot Choi, LD Corpe, M Corradi, F Corriveau, A Cortes-Gonzalez, MJ Costa, F Costanza, D Costanzo, BM Cote, G Cowan, K Cranmer, D Cremonini, S Crépé-Renaudin, F Crescioli, M Cristinziani, M Cristoforetti, V Croft, JE Crosby, G Crosetti, A Cueto, T Cuhadar Donszelmann, H Cui, Z Cui, WR Cunningham, F Curcio, P Czodrowski, MM Czurylo, MJ Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, JV Da Fonseca Pinto, C Da Via, W Dabrowski, T Dado, S Dahbi, T Dai, D Dal Santo, C Dallapiccola, M Dam, G D’amen, V D’Amico, J Damp, JR Dandoy, M Danninger, V Dao, G Darbo, S Darmora, SJ Das, S D’Auria, C David, T Davidek, B Davis-Purcell, I Dawson, HA Day-hall, K De, R De Asmundis, N De Biase, S De Castro, N De Groot, P de Jong, H De la Torre, A De Maria, A De Salvo, U De Sanctis, F De Santis, A De Santo, JB De Vivie De Regie, DV Dedovich, J Degens, AM Deiana, F Del Corso, J Del Peso, F Del Rio, L Delagrange, F Deliot, CM Delitzsch, M Della Pietra, D Della Volpe, A Dell’Acqua, L Dell’Asta, M Delmastro, PA Delsart, S Demers, M Demichev, SP Denisov, L D’Eramo, D Derendarz, F Derue, P Dervan, K Desch, C Deutsch, FA Di Bello, A Di Ciaccio, L Di Ciaccio, A Di Domenico, C Di Donato, A Di Girolamo, G Di Gregorio, A Di Luca, B Di Micco, R Di Nardo, C Diaconu, M Diamantopoulou, FA Dias, T Dias Do Vale, MA Diaz, FG Diaz Capriles, M Didenko, EB Diehl, L Diehl, S Díez Cornell, C Diez Pardos, C Dimitriadi, A Dimitrievska, J Dingfelder, I-M Dinu, SJ Dittmeier, F Dittus, F Djama, T Djobava, JI Djuvsland, C Doglioni, A Dohnalova, J Dolejsi, Z Dolezal, KM Dona, M Donadelli, B Dong, J Donini, A D’Onofrio, M D’Onofrio, J Dopke, A Doria, N Dos Santos Fernandes, P Dougan, MT Dova, AT Doyle, MA Draguet, E Dreyer, I Drivas-koulouris, M Drnevich, AS Drobac, M Drozdova, D Du, TA du Pree, F Dubinin, M Dubovsky, E Duchovni, G Duckeck, OA Ducu, D Duda, A Dudarev, ER Duden, M D’uffizi, L Duflot, M Dührssen, AE Dumitriu, M Dunford, S Dungs, K Dunne, A Duperrin, H Duran Yildiz, M Düren, A Durglishvili, BL Dwyer, GI Dyckes, M Dyndal, BS Dziedzic, ZO Earnshaw, GH Eberwein, B Eckerova, S Eggebrecht, E Egidio Purcino De Souza, LF Ehrke, G Eigen, K Einsweiler, T Ekelof, PA Ekman, S El Farkh, Y El Ghazali, H El Jarrari, A El Moussaouy, V Ellajosyula, M Ellert, F Ellinghaus, N Ellis, J Elmsheuser, M Elsing, D Emeliyanov, Y Enari, I Ene, S Epari, PA Erland, M Errenst, M Escalier, C Escobar, E Etzion, G Evans, H Evans, LS Evans, MO Evans, A Ezhilov, S Ezzarqtouni, F Fabbri, L Fabbri, G Facini, V Fadeyev, RM Fakhrutdinov, D Fakoudis, S Falciano, LF Falda Ulhoa Coelho, PJ Falke, J Faltova, C Fan, Y Fan, Y Fang, M Fanti, M Faraj, Z Farazpay, A Farbin, A Farilla, T Farooque, SM Farrington, F Fassi, D Fassouliotis, M Faucci Giannelli, WJ Fawcett, L Fayard, P Federic, P Federicova, OL Fedin, G Fedotov, M Feickert, L Feligioni, DE Fellers, C Feng, M Feng, Z Feng, MJ Fenton, AB Fenyuk, L Ferencz, RAM Ferguson, SI Fernandez Luengo, P Fernandez Martinez, MJV Fernoux, J Ferrando, A Ferrari, P Ferrari, R Ferrari, D Ferrere, C Ferretti, F Fiedler, P Fiedler, A Filipčič, EK Filmer, F Filthaut, MCN Fiolhais, L Fiorini, WC Fisher, T Fitschen, PM Fitzhugh, I Fleck, P Fleischmann, T Flick, M Flores, LR Flores Castillo, L Flores Sanz De Acedo, FM Follega, N Fomin, JH Foo, BC Forland, A Formica, AC Forti, E Fortin, AW Fortman, MG Foti, L Fountas, D Fournier, H Fox, P Francavilla, S Francescato, S Franchellucci, M Franchini, S Franchino, D Francis, L Franco, V Franco Lima, L Franconi, M Franklin, G Frattari, AC Freegard, WS Freund, YY Frid, J Friend, N Fritzsche, A Froch, D Froidevaux, JA Frost, Y Fu, S Fuenzalida Garrido, M Fujimoto, KY Fung, E Furtado De Simas Filho, M Furukawa, J Fuster, A Gabrielli, A Gabrielli, P Gadow, G Gagliardi, LG Gagnon, EJ Gallas, BJ Gallop, KK Gan, S Ganguly, Y Gao, FM Garay Walls, B Garcia, C García, A Garcia Alonso, AG Garcia Caffaro, JE García Navarro, M Garcia-Sciveres, GL Gardner, RW Gardner, N Garelli, D Garg, RB Garg, JM Gargan, CA Garner, CM Garvey, P Gaspar, VK Gassmann, G Gaudio, V Gautam, P Gauzzi, IL Gavrilenko, A Gavrilyuk, C Gay, G Gaycken, EN Gazis, AA Geanta, CM Gee, A Gekow, C Gemme, MH Genest, S Gentile, AD Gentry, S George, WF George, T Geralis, P Gessinger-Befurt, ME Geyik, M Ghani, M Ghneimat, K Ghorbanian, A Ghosal, A Ghosh, A Ghosh, B Giacobbe, S Giagu, T Giani, P Giannetti, A Giannini, SM Gibson, M Gignac, DT Gil, AK Gilbert, BJ Gilbert, D Gillberg, G Gilles, NEK Gillwald, L Ginabat, DM Gingrich, MP Giordani, PF Giraud, G Giugliarelli, D Giugni, F Giuli, I Gkialas, LK Gladilin, C Glasman, GR Gledhill, G Glemža, M Glisic, I Gnesi, Y Go, M Goblirsch-Kolb, B Gocke, D Godin, B Gokturk, S Goldfarb, T Golling, MGD Gololo, D Golubkov, JP Gombas, A Gomes, G Gomes Da Silva, AJ Gomez Delegido, R Gonçalo, G Gonella, L Gonella, A Gongadze, F Gonnella, JL Gonski, RY González Andana, S González de la Hoz, R Gonzalez Lopez, C Gonzalez Renteria, MV Gonzalez Rodrigues, R Gonzalez Suarez, S Gonzalez-Sevilla, GR Gonzalvo Rodriguez, L Goossens, B Gorini, E Gorini, A Gorišek, TC Gosart, AT Goshaw, MI Gostkin, S Goswami, CA Gottardo, SA Gotz, M Gouighri, V Goumarre, AG Goussiou, N Govender, I Grabowska-Bold, K Graham, E Gramstad, S Grancagnolo, M Grandi, CM Grant, PM Gravila, FG Gravili, HM Gray, M Greco, C Grefe, IM Gregor, P Grenier, SG Grewe, C Grieco, AA Grillo, K Grimm, S Grinstein, J-F Grivaz, E Gross, J Grosse-Knetter, C Grud, JC Grundy, L Guan, W Guan, C Gubbels, JGR Guerrero Rojas, G Guerrieri, F Guescini, R Gugel, JAM Guhit, A Guida, E Guilloton, S Guindon, F Guo, J Guo, L Guo, Y Guo, R Gupta, R Gupta, S Gurbuz, SS Gurdasani, G Gustavino, M Guth, P Gutierrez, LF Gutierrez Zagazeta, M Gutsche, C Gutschow, C Gwenlan, CB Gwilliam, ES Haaland, A Haas, M Habedank, C Haber, HK Hadavand, A Hadef, S Hadzic, AI Hagan, JJ Hahn, EH Haines, M Haleem, J Haley, JJ Hall, GD Hallewell, L Halser, K Hamano, M Hamer, GN Hamity, EJ Hampshire, J Han, K Han, L Han, L Han, S Han, YF Han, K Hanagaki, M Hance, DA Hangal, H Hanif, MD Hank, R Hankache, JB Hansen, JD Hansen, PH Hansen, K Hara, D Harada, T Harenberg, S Harkusha, ML Harris, YT Harris, J Harrison, NM Harrison, PF Harrison, NM Hartman, NM Hartmann, Y Hasegawa, R Hauser, CM Hawkes, RJ Hawkings, Y Hayashi, S Hayashida, D Hayden, C Hayes, RL Hayes, CP Hays, JM Hays, HS Hayward, F He, M He, Y He, Y He, NB Heatley, V Hedberg, AL Heggelund, ND Hehir, C Heidegger, KK Heidegger, WD Heidorn, J Heilman, S Heim, T Heim, JG Heinlein, JJ Heinrich, L Heinrich, J Hejbal, L Helary, A Held, S Hellesund, CM Helling, S Hellman, RCW Henderson, L Henkelmann, AM Henriques Correia, H Herde, Y Hernández Jiménez, LM Herrmann, T Herrmann, G Herten, R Hertenberger, L Hervas, ME Hesping, NP Hessey, H Hibi, E Hill, SJ Hillier, JR Hinds, F Hinterkeuser, M Hirose, S Hirose, D Hirschbuehl, TG Hitchings, B Hiti, J Hobbs, R Hobincu, N Hod, MC Hodgkinson, BH Hodkinson, A Hoecker, DD Hofer, J Hofer, T Holm, M Holzbock, LBAH Hommels, BP Honan, J Hong, TM Hong, BH Hooberman, WH Hopkins, Y Horii, S Hou, AS Howard, J Howarth, J Hoya, M Hrabovsky, A Hrynevich, T Hryn’ova, PJ Hsu, S-C Hsu, Q Hu, YF Hu, S Huang, X Huang, X Huang, Y Huang, Y Huang, Z Huang, Z Hubacek, M Huebner, F Huegging, TB Huffman, CA Hugli, M Huhtinen, SK Huiberts, R Hulsken, N Huseynov, J Huston, J Huth, R Hyneman, G Iacobucci, G Iakovidis, I Ibragimov, L Iconomidou-Fayard, P Iengo, R Iguchi, T Iizawa, Y Ikegami, N Ilic, H Imam, M Ince Lezki, T Ingebretsen Carlson, G Introzzi, M Iodice, V Ippolito, RK Irwin, M Ishino, W Islam, C Issever, S Istin, H Ito, JM Iturbe Ponce, R Iuppa, A Ivina, JM Izen, V Izzo, P Jacka, P Jackson, RM Jacobs, BP Jaeger, CS Jagfeld, G Jain, P Jain, K Jakobs, T Jakoubek, J Jamieson, KW Janas, M Javurkova, F Jeanneau, L Jeanty, J Jejelava, P Jenni, CE Jessiman, S Jézéquel, C Jia, J Jia, X Jia, X Jia, Z Jia, S Jiggins, J Jimenez Pena, S Jin, A Jinaru, O Jinnouchi, P Johansson, KA Johns, JW Johnson, DM Jones, E Jones, P Jones, RWL Jones, TJ Jones, HL Joos, R Joshi, J Jovicevic, X Ju, JJ Junggeburth, T Junkermann, A Juste Rozas, MK Juzek, S Kabana, A Kaczmarska, M Kado, H Kagan, M Kagan, A Kahn, A Kahn, C Kahra, T Kaji, E Kajomovitz, N Kakati, I Kalaitzidou, CW Kalderon, A Kamenshchikov, NJ Kang, D Kar, K Karava, MJ Kareem, E Karentzos, I Karkanias, O Karkout, SN Karpov, ZM Karpova, V Kartvelishvili, AN Karyukhin, E Kasimi, J Katzy, S Kaur, K Kawade, MP Kawale, C Kawamoto, T Kawamoto, EF Kay, FI Kaya, S Kazakos, VF Kazanin, Y Ke, JM Keaveney, R Keeler, GV Kehris, JS Keller, AS Kelly, JJ Kempster, KE Kennedy, PD Kennedy, O Kepka, BP Kerridge, S Kersten, BP Kerševan, S Keshri, L Keszeghova, S Ketabchi Haghighat, RA Khan, A Khanov, AG Kharlamov, T Kharlamova, EE Khoda, M Kholodenko, TJ Khoo, G Khoriauli, J Khubua, YAR Khwaira, A Kilgallon, DW Kim, YK Kim, N Kimura, MK Kingston, A Kirchhoff, C Kirfel, F Kirfel, J Kirk, AE Kiryunin, C Kitsaki, O 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Sensor response and radiation damage effects for 3D pixels in the ATLAS IBL Detector

Journal of Instrumentation IOP Publishing 19:10 (2024) P10008

Authors:

G Aad, E Aakvaag, B Abbott, S Abdelhameed, K Abeling, NJ Abicht, SH Abidi, M Aboelela, A Aboulhorma, H Abramowicz, H Abreu, Y Abulaiti, BS Acharya, A Ackermann, C Adam Bourdarios, L Adamczyk, SV Addepalli, MJ Addison, J Adelman, A Adiguzel, T Adye, AA Affolder, Y Afik, MN Agaras

Abstract:

Pixel sensors in 3D technology equip the outer ends of the staves of the Insertable B Layer (IBL), the innermost layer of the ATLAS Pixel Detector, which was installed before the start of LHC Run 2 in 2015. 3D pixel sensors are expected to exhibit more tolerance to radiation damage and are the technology of choice for the innermost layer in the ATLAS tracker upgrade for the HL-LHC programme. While the LHC has delivered an integrated luminosity of ≃ 235 fb-1 since the start of Run 2, the 3D sensors have received a non-ionising energy deposition corresponding to a fluence of ≃ 8.5 × 1014 1 MeV neutron-equivalent cm-2 averaged over the sensor area. This paper presents results of measurements of the 3D pixel sensors' response during Run 2 and the first two years of Run 3, with predictions of its evolution until the end of Run 3 in 2025. Data are compared with radiation damage simulations, based on detailed maps of the electric field in the Si substrate, at various fluence levels and bias voltage values. These results illustrate the potential of 3D technology for pixel applications in high-radiation environments.