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Black Hole

Lensing of space time around a black hole. At Oxford we study black holes observationally and theoretically on all size and time scales - it is some of our core work.

Credit: ALAIN RIAZUELO, IAP/UPMC/CNRS. CLICK HERE TO VIEW MORE IMAGES.

Jinhyub Kim

Postdoctoral Research Assistant

Research theme

  • Astronomy and astrophysics

Sub department

  • Astrophysics

Research groups

  • Euclid
jinhyub.kim@physics.ox.ac.uk
Denys Wilkinson Building, room 555B
  • About
  • Publications

Exploring the Masses of the Two Most Distant Gravitational Lensing Clusters at Cosmic Noon

The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 991, Issue 1, id.109, 10 pp.

Authors:

Kim, Jinhyub; Jee, M. James; Andreon, Stefano; Mroczkowski, Tony; Miller, Lance; van Marrewijk, Joshiwa; Khim, Hye Gyeong

Abstract:

Observations over the past decade have shown that galaxy clusters undergo the most transformative changes during the z = 1.5–2 epoch. However, challenges such as low lensing efficiency, high shape measurement uncertainty, and a scarcity of background galaxies have prevented us from characterizing their masses with weak gravitational lensing (WL) beyond redshift z ∼ 1.75. In this paper, we report the successful WL detection of JKCS 041 and XLSSC 122 at z = 1.80 and z = 1.98, respectively, utilizing deep infrared imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope with careful removal of instrumental effects. These are the most distant clusters ever measured through WL. The mass peaks of JKCS 041 and XLSSC 122, which coincide with the X-ray peak positions of the respective clusters, are detected at the ∼3.7σ and ∼3.2σ levels, respectively. Assuming a single spherical Navarro–Frenk–White profile, we estimate that JKCS 041 has a virial mass of M200c = (5.4 ± 1.6) × 1014 M⊙, while the mass of XLSSC 122 is determined to be M200c = (3.3 ± 1.8) × 1014 M⊙. These WL masses are consistent with the estimates inferred from their X-ray observations. We conclude that although the probability of finding such massive clusters at their redshifts is certainly low, their masses can still be accommodated within the current ΛCDM paradigm.
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Exploring the Masses of the Two Most Distant Gravitational Lensing Clusters at Cosmic Noon

The Astrophysical Journal American Astronomical Society 991:1 (2025) 109

Authors:

Jinhyub Kim, M James Jee, Stefano Andreon, Tony Mroczkowski, Lance Miller, Joshiwa van Marrewijk, Hye Gyeong Khim

Abstract:

Observations over the past decade have shown that galaxy clusters undergo the most transformative changes during the z = 1.5–2 epoch. However, challenges such as low lensing efficiency, high shape measurement uncertainty, and a scarcity of background galaxies have prevented us from characterizing their masses with weak gravitational lensing (WL) beyond redshift z ∼ 1.75. In this paper, we report the successful WL detection of JKCS 041 and XLSSC 122 at z = 1.80 and z = 1.98, respectively, utilizing deep infrared imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope with careful removal of instrumental effects. These are the most distant clusters ever measured through WL. The mass peaks of JKCS 041 and XLSSC 122, which coincide with the X-ray peak positions of the respective clusters, are detected at the ∼3.7σ and ∼3.2σ levels, respectively. Assuming a single spherical Navarro–Frenk–White profile, we estimate that JKCS 041 has a virial mass of M200c = (5.4 ± 1.6) × 1014 M⊙, while the mass of XLSSC 122 is determined to be M200c = (3.3 ± 1.8) × 1014 M⊙. These WL masses are consistent with the estimates inferred from their X-ray observations. We conclude that although the probability of finding such massive clusters at their redshifts is certainly low, their masses can still be accommodated within the current ΛCDM paradigm.
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Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission

Astronomy & Astrophysics EDP Sciences (2024)

Authors:

Y Mellier, Abdurroúf, JA Acevedo Barroso, A Achucarro, J Adamek, R Adam, GE Addison, N Aghanim, M Aguena, V Ajani, Y Akrami, A Al-Bahlawan, A Alavi, IS Albuquerque, G Alestas, G Alguero, A Allaoui, SW Allen, V Allevato, AV Alonso-Tetilla, B Altieri, A Alvarez-Candal, S Alvi, A Amara, L Amendola, J Amiaux, IT Andika, S Andreon, A Andrews, G Angora, RE Angulo, F Annibali, A Anselmi, S Anselmi, S Arcari, M Archidiacono, G Aricò, M Arnaud, S Arnouts, M Asgari, J Asorey, L Atayde, H Atek, F Atrio-Barandela, M Aubert, E Aubourg, T Auphan, N Auricchio, B Aussel, H Aussel, P Avelino, A Avgoustidis, S Avila, S Awan, R Azzollini, C Baccigalupi, E Bachelet, D Bacon, M Baes, MB Bagley, B Bahr-Kalus, A Balaguera-Antolinez, E Balbinot, M Balcells, M Baldi, I Baldry, A Balestra, M Ballardini, O Ballester, M Balogh, E Banados, R Barbier, S Bardelli, M Baron, T Barreiro, R Barrena, J-C Barriere, BJ Barros, A Barthelemy, N Bartolo, A Basset, P Battaglia, AJ Battisti, CM Baugh, L Baumont, L Bazzanini, J-P Beaulieu, V Beckmann, AN Belikov, J Bel, F Bellagamba, M Bella, E Bellini, K Benabed, R Bender, G Benevento, CL Bennett, K Benson, P Bergamini, JR Bermejo-Climent, F Bernardeau, D Bertacca, M Berthe, J Berthier, M Bethermin, F Beutler, C Bevillon, S Bhargava, R Bhatawdekar, D Bianchi, L Bisigello, A Biviano, RP Blake, A Blanchard, J Blazek, L Blot, A Bosco, C Bodendorf, T Boenke, H B\"ohringer, P Boldrini, M Bolzonella, A Bonchi, M Bonici, D Bonino, L Bonino, C Bonvin, W Bon, JT Booth, S Borgani, AS Borlaff, E Borsato, A Bosco, B Bose, MT Botticella, A Boucaud, F Bouche, JS Boucher, D Boutigny, T Bouvard, R Bouwens, H Bouy, RA Bowler, V Bozza, E Bozzo, E Branchini, G Brando, S Brau-Nogue, P Brekke, MN Bremer, M Brescia, M-A Breton, J Brinchmann, T Brinckmann, C Brockley-Blatt, M Brodwin, L Brouard, ML Brown, S Bruton, J Bucko, H Buddelmeijer, G Buenadicha, F Buitrago, P Burger, C Burigana, V Busillo, D Busonero, R Cabanac, L Cabayol-Garcia, MS Cagliari, A Caillat, L Caillat, M Calabrese, A Calabro, G Calderone, F Calura, B Camacho Quevedo, S Camera, L Campos, n, GP Candini, M Cantiello, V Capobianco, E Cappellaro, N Cappelluti, A Cappi, KI Caputi, C Cara, C Carbone, VF Cardone, E Carella, RG Carlberg, M Carle, L Carminati, F Caro, JM Carrasco, J Carretero, P Carrilho, J Carron Duque, B Carry, A Carvalho, CS Carvalho, R Casas, S Casas, P Casenove, CM Casey, P Cassata, FJ Castander, D Castelao, M Castellano, L Castiblanco, G Castignani, T Castro, C Cavet, S Cavuoti, P-Y Chabaud, KC Chambers, Y Charles, S Charlot, N Chartab, R Chary, F Chaumeil, H Cho, G Chon, E Ciancetta, P Ciliegi, A Cimatti, M Cimino, LM-R Cioni, R Claydon, C Cleland, B Cl'ement, DL Clements, N Clerc, S Clesse, S Codis, F Cogato, J Colbert, RE Cole, P Coles, TE Collett, RS Collins, C Colodro-Conde, C Colombo, F Combes, V Conforti, G Congedo, S Conseil, CJ Conselice, S Contarini, T Contini, L Conversi, AR Cooray, Y Copin, P-S Corasaniti, P Corcho-Caballero, L Corcione, O Cordes, O Corpace, M Correnti, M Costanzi, A Costille, F Courbin, L Courcoult Mifsud, HM Courtois, M-C Cousinou, G Covone, T Cowell, C Cragg, G Cresci, S Cristiani, M Crocce, M Cropper, P E Crouzet, B Csizi, J-G Cuby, E Cucchetti, O Cucciati, J-C Cuillandre, PAC Cunha, V Cuozzo, E Daddi, M D'Addona, C Dafonte, N Dagoneau, E Dalessandro, GB Dalton, G D'Amico, H Dannerbauer, P Danto, I Das, A Da Silva, R da Silva, W d'Assignies Doumerg, G Daste, JE Davies, S Davini, P Dayal, T de Boer, R Decarli, B De Caro, H Degaudenzi, G Degni, JTA de Jong, LF de la Bella, S de la Torre, F Delhaise, D Delley, G Delucchi, G De Lucia, J Denniston, F De Paolis, M De Petris, A Derosa, S Desai, V Desjacques, G Despali, G Desprez, J De Vicente-Albendea, Y Deville, JDF Dias, A Díaz-Sánchez, J Diaz, S Di Domizio, JM Diego, D Di Ferdinando, AM Di Giorgio, P Dimauro, J Dinis, K Dolag, C Dolding, H Dole, H Domínguez Sánchez, O Doré, F Dournac, M Douspis, H Dreihahn, B Droge, B Dryer, F Dubath, P-A Duc, F Ducret, C Duffy, F Dufresne, CAJ Duncan, X Dupac, V Duret, R Durrer, F Durret, S Dusini, A Ealet, A Eggemeier, PRM Eisenhardt, D Elbaz, MY Elkhashab, A Ellien, J Endicott, A Enia, T Erben, JA Escartin Vigo, S Escoffier, I Escudero Sanz, J Essert, S Ettori, M Ezziati, G Fabbian, M Fabricius, Y Fang, A Farina, M Farina, R Farinelli, S Farrens, F Faustini, A Feltre, AMN Ferguson, P Ferrando, AG Ferrari, A Ferré-Mateu, PG Ferreira, I Ferreras, I Ferrero, S Ferriol, P Ferruit, D Filleul, F Finelli, SL Finkelstein, A Finoguenov, B Fiorini, F Flentge, P Focardi, J Fonseca, A Fontana, F Fontanot, F Fornari, P Fosalba, M Fossati, S Fotopoulou, D Fouchez, N Fourmanoit, M Frailis, D Fraix-Burnet, E Franceschi, A Franco, P Franzetti, J Freihoefer, CS Frenk, G Frittoli, P-A Frugier, N Frusciante, A Fumagalli, M Fumagalli, M Fumana, Y Fu, L Gabarra, S Galeotta, L Galluccio, K Ganga, H Gao, J Garc'ia-Bellido, K Garcia, JP Gardner, B Garilli, L-M Gaspar-Venancio, T Gasparetto, V Gautard, R Gavazzi, E Gaztanaga, L Genolet, R Genova Santos, F Gentile, K George, M Gerbino, Z Ghaffari, F Giacomini, F Gianotti, GPS Gibb, W Gillard, B Gillis, M Ginolfi, C Giocoli, M Girardi, SK Giri, LWK Goh, P G'omez-Alvarez, V Gonzalez-Perez, AH Gonzalez, EJ Gonzalez, JC Gonzalez, S Gouyou Beauchamps, G Gozaliasl, J Gracia-Carpio, S Grandis, BR Granett, M Granvik, A Grazian, A Gregorio, C Grenet, C Grillo, F Grupp, C Gruppioni, A Gruppuso, C Guerbuez, S Guerrini, M Guidi, P Guillard, CM Gutierrez, P Guttridge, L Guzzo, S Gwyn, J Haapala, J Haase, CR Haddow, M Hailey, A Hall, D Hall, N Hamaus, BS Haridasu, J Harnois-D'eraps, C Harper, WG Hartley, G Hasinger, F Hassani, NA Hatch, SVH Haugan, B Haussler, A Heavens, L Heisenberg, A Helmi, G Helou, S Hemmati, K Henares, O Herent, C Hern'andez-Monteagudo, T Heuberger, PC Hewett, S Heydenreich, H Hildebrandt, M Hirschmann, J Hjorth, J Hoar, H Hoekstra, AD Holland, MS Holliman, W Holmes, I Hook, B Horeau, F Hormuth, A Hornstrup, S Hosseini, D Hu, P Hudelot, MJ Hudson, M Huertas-Company, EM Huff, ACN Hughes, A Humphrey, LK Hunt, D Huynh, R Ibata, K Ichikawa, S Iglesias-Groth, O Ilbert, S Ili'c, L Ingoglia, E Iodice, H Israel, UE Israelsson, L Izzo, P Jablonka, N Jackson, J Jacobson, M Jafariyazani, K Jahnke, B Jain, H Jansen, MJ Jarvis, J Jasche, M Jauzac, N Jeffrey, M Jhabvala, Y Jimenez-Teja, A Jimenez Munoz, B Joachimi, PH Johansson, S Joudaki, E Jullo, JE Kajava, Y Kang, A Kannawadi, V Kansal, D Karagiannis, M Karcher, A Kashlinsky, MV Kazandjian, F Keck, E Keihanen, E Kerins, S Kermiche, A Khalil, A Kiessling, K Kiiveri, M Kilbinger, J Kim, R King, C Kirkpatrick, T Kitching, M Kluge, M Knabenhans, JH Knapen, A Knebe, J-P Kneib, R Kohley, LVE Koopmans, H Koskinen, E Koulouridis, R Kou, A Kov'acs, I Kova, c, i, c, A Kowalczyk, K Koyama, K Kraljic, O Krause, S Kruk, B Kubik, U Kuchner, K Kuijken, M Kummel, M Kunz, H Kurki-Suonio, F Lacasa, CG Lacey, F La Franca, N Lagarde, O Lahav, C Laigle, A La Marca, O La Marle, B Lamine, MC Lam, A Lan, c, on, H Landt, M Langer, A Lapi, C Larcheveque, S Larsen, M Lattanzi, F Laudisio, D Laugier, R Laureijs, V Laurent, G Lavaux, A Lawrenson, A Lazanu, T Lazeyras, Q Le Boulc'h, AMC Le Brun, V Le Brun, F Leclercq, S Lee, J Le Graet, L Legrand, KN Leirvik, M Le Jeune, M Lembo, D Le Mignant, MD Lepinzan, F Lepori, A Le Reun, G Leroy, GF Lesci, J Lesgourgues, L Leuzzi, ME Levi, TI Liaudat, G Libet, P Liebing, S Ligori, PB Lilje, C-C Lin, D Linde, E Linder, V Lindholm, L Linke, S-S Li, SJ Liu, I Lloro, FSN Lobo, N Lodieu, M Lombardi, L Lombriser, P Lonare, G Longo, M L'opez-Caniego, X Lopez Lopez, J Lorenzo Alvarez, A Loureiro, J Loveday, E Lusso, J Macias-Perez, T Maciaszek, G Maggio, M Magliocchetti, F Magnard, EA Magnier, A Magro, G Mahler, G Mainetti, D Maino, E Maiorano, E Maiorano, N Malavasi, GA Mamon, C Mancini, R Mandelbaum, M Manera, A Manjón-García, F Mannucci, O Mansutti, M Manteiga Outeiro, R Maoli, C Maraston, S Marcin, P Marcos-Arenal, B Margalef-Bentabol, O Marggraf, D Marinucci, M Marinucci, K Markovic, FR Marleau, J Marpaud, J Martignac, i, n-Fleitas, P Martin-Moruno, EL Martin, M Martinelli, N Martinet, H Martin, CJAP Martins, F Marulli, D Massari, R Massey, DC Masters, S Matarrese, Y Matsuoka, S Matthew, BJ Maughan, N Mauri, L Maurin, S Maurogordato, K McCarthy, AW McConnachie, HJ McCracken, I McDonald, JD McEwen, CJR McPartland, E Medinaceli, V Mehta, S Mei, M Melchior, J-B Melin, B M'enard, J Mendes, J Mendez-Abreu, M Meneghetti, A Mercurio, E Merlin, RB Metcalf, G Meylan, M Migliaccio, M Mignoli, L Miller, M Miluzio, B Milvang-Jensen, JP Mimoso, R Miquel, H Miyatake, B Mobasher, J Mohr, P Monaco, o, A Montoro, A Mora, A Moradinezhad Dizgah, M Moresco, C Moretti, G Morgante, N Morisset, TJ Moriya, PW Morris, DJ Mortlock, L Moscardini, DF Mota, S Mottet, LA Moustakas, T Moutard, u, ller, E Munari, G Murphree, C Murray, N Murray, P Musi, S Nadathur, BC Nagam, T Nagao, K Naidoo, R Nakajima, C Nally, P Natoli, A Navarro-Alsina, D Navarro Girones, C Neissner, A Nersesian, S Nesseris, HN Nguyen-Kim, L Nicastro, RC Nichol, M Nielbock, S-M Niemi, S Nieto, K Nilsson, J Noller, P Norberg, A Nouri-Zonoz, P Ntelis, A Nucita, P Nugent, NJ Nunes, T Nutma, I Ocampo, J Odier, PA Oesch, M Oguri, D Magalhaes Oliveira, M Onoue, T Oosterbroek, F Oppizzi, C Ordenovic, K Osato, F Pacaud, F Pace, C Padilla, K Paech, L Pagano, MJ Page, E Palazzi, S Paltani, S Pamuk, S Pandolfi, D Paoletti, M Paolillo, P Papaderos, K Pardede, G Parimbelli, A Parmar, C Partmann, F Pasian, F Passalacqua, K Paterson, L Patrizii, C Pattison, A Paulino-Afonso, R Paviot, JA Peacock, FR Pearce, K Pedersen, A Peel, RF Peletier, M Pellejero Ibanez, R Pello, MT Penny, WJ Percival, A Perez-Garrido, L Perotto, V Pettorino, A Pezzotta, S Pezzuto, A Philippon, M Pierre, O Piersanti, M Pietroni, L Piga, L Pilo, S Pires, A Pisani, A Pizzella, L Pizzuti, C Plana, G Polenta, JE Pollack, M Poncet, M P\"ontinen, P Pool, LA Popa, V Popa, J Popp, C Porciani, L Porth, D Potter, M Poulain, A Pourtsidou, L Pozzetti, I Prandoni, GW Pratt, S Prezelus, E Prieto, A Pugno, S Quai, L Quilley, GD Racca, A Raccanelli, G R'acz, S Radinovi'c, M Radovich, A Ragagnin, U Ragnit, F Raison, N Ramos-Chernenko, C Ranc, Y Rasera, N Raylet, R Rebolo, A Refregier, P Reimberg, TH Reiprich, F Renk, A Renzi, J Retre, Y Revaz, C Reyl'e, L Reynolds, J Rhodes, F Ricci, M Ricci, G Riccio, SO Ricken, S Rissanen, I Risso, H-W Rix, AC Robin, B Rocca-Volmerange, P-F Rocci, M Rodenhuis, G Rodighiero, M Rodriguez Monroy, RP Rollins, M Romanello, J Roman, E Romelli, M Romero-Gomez, M Roncarelli, P Rosati, C Rosset, E Rossetti, W Roster, HJA Rottgering, A Rozas-Fernández, K Ruane, JA Rubino-Martin, A Rudolph, F Ruppin, B Rusholme, S Sacquegna, I S'aez-Casares, S Saga, R Saglia, M Sahl'en, T Saifollahi, Z Sakr, J Salvalaggio, R Salvaterra, L Salvati, M Salvato, J-C Salvignol, AG Sanchez, E Sanchez, DB Sanders, D Sapone, M Saponara, E Sarpa, F Sarron, S Sartori, B Sartoris, B Sassolas, L Sauniere, M Sauvage, M Sawicki, R Scaramella, C Scarlata, L Scharr'e, J Schaye, JA Schewtschenko, J-T Schindler, E Schinnerer, M Schirmer, F Schmidt, F Schmidt, M Schmidt, A Schneider, M Schneider, P Schneider, N Schöneberg, T Schrabback, M Schultheis, S Schulz, N Schuster, J Schwartz, D Sciotti, M Scodeggio, D Scognamiglio, D Scott, V Scottez, A Secroun, E Sefusatti, G Seidel, M Seiffert, E Sellentin, M Selwood, E Semboloni, M Sereno, S Serjeant, S Serrano, G Setnikar, F Shankar, RM Sharples, A Short, A Shulevski, M Shuntov, M Sias, G Sikkema, A Silvestri, P Simon, C Sirignano, G Sirri, J Skottfelt, E Slezak, D Sluse, GP Smith, LC Smith, RE Smith, SJA Smit, F Soldano, BG Solheim, JG Sorce, F Sorrenti, E Soubrie, L Spinoglio, A Spurio Mancini, J Stadel, L Stagnaro, L Stanco, SA Stanford, J-L Starck, P Stassi, J Steinwagner, D Stern, C Stone, P Strada, F Strafella, D Stramaccioni, C Surace, F Sureau, SH Suyu, I Swindells, M Szafraniec, I Szapudi, S Taamoli, M Talia, i, K Tanidis, C Tao, P Tarr'io, D Tavagnacco, AN Taylor, JE Taylor, PL Taylor, EM Teixeira, M Tenti, P Teodoro Idiago, HI Teplitz, I Tereno, N Tessore, V Testa, G Testera, M Tewes, R Teyssier, N Theret, C Thizy, PD Thomas, Y Toba, S Toft, R Toledo-Moreo, E Tolstoy, E Tommasi, O Torbaniuk, F Torradeflot, C Tortora, S Tosi, S Tosti, M Trifoglio, A Troja, T Trombetti, A Tronconi, M Tsedrik, A Tsyganov, M Tucci, I Tutusaus, C Uhlemann, L Ulivi, M Urbano, L Vacher, L Vaillon, P Valageas, I Valdes, EA Valentijn, L Valenziano, C Valieri, J Valiviita, M Van den Broeck, T Vassallo, R Vavrek, J Vega-Ferrero, B Venemans, A Venhola, S Ventura, G Verdoes Kleijn, D Vergani, A Verma, F Vernizzi, A Veropalumbo, G Verza, C Vescovi, D Vibert, M Viel, P Vielzeuf, C Viglione, A Viitanen, F Villaescusa-Navarro, S Vinciguerra, F Visticot, K Voggel, M von Wietersheim-Kramsta, WJ Vriend, S Wachter, M Walmsley, G Walth, DM Walton, NA Walton, M Wander, L Wang, Y Wang, JR Weaver, J Weller, M Wetzstein, DJ Whalen, IH Whittam, A Widmer, M Wiesmann, J Wilde, OR Williams, H-A Winther, A Wittje, JHW Wong, AH Wright, V Yankelevich, HW Yeung, M Yoon, S Youles, LYA Yung, A Zacchei, L Zalesky, G Zamorani, A Zamorano Vitorelli, M Zanoni Marc, M Zennaro, FM Zerbi, IA Zinchenko, J Zoubian, E Zucca, M Zumalacarregui
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Head-to-Toe Measurement of El Gordo: Improved Analysis of the Galaxy Cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915 with New Wide-field Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Data

Astrophysical Journal 923:1 (2021)

Authors:

J Kim, MJ Jee, JP Hughes, M Yoon, K Hyeonghan, F Menanteau, C Sifón, L Hovey, P Arunachalam

Abstract:

We present an improved weak-lensing (WL) study of the high-z (z = 0.87) merging galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915 ("El Gordo") based on new wide-field Hubble Space Telescope imaging data. The new imaging data cover the ∼3.5 ∼3.5 Mpc region centered on the cluster and enable us to detect WL signals beyond the virial radius, which was not possible in previous studies. We confirm the binary mass structure consisting of the northwestern (NW) and southeastern (SE) subclusters and the ∼2σ dissociation between the SE mass peak and the X-ray cool core. We obtain the mass estimates of the subclusters by simultaneously fitting two Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) halos without employing mass-concentration relations. The masses are M200cNW = 9.9-2.2+2.1 × 1014 and M200cSE = 6.5-1.4+1.9 × 1014 M o˙ for the NW and SE subclusters, respectively. The mass ratio is consistent with our previous WL study but significantly different from the previous strong-lensing results. This discrepancy is attributed to the use of extrapolation in strong-lensing studies because the SE component possesses a higher concentration. By superposing the two best-fit NFW halos, we determine the total mass of El Gordo to be M200c = 2.13-0.23+0.25 × 1015 M o˙, which is ∼23% lower than our previous WL result [M 200c = (2.76 ± 0.51) × 1015 M o˙]. Our updated mass is a more direct measurement, since we are not extrapolating to R 200c as in all previous studies. The new mass is compatible with the current ΛCDM cosmology.
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Precise Mass Determination of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Cluster at z > 1

Astrophysical Journal 887:1 (2019)

Authors:

J Kim, MJ Jee, S Perlmutter, B Hayden, D Rubin, X Huang, G Aldering, J Ko

Abstract:

We present a detailed high-resolution weak-lensing study of SPT-CL J2106-5844 at z = 1.132, claimed to be the most massive system discovered at z > 1 in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich survey. Based on the deep imaging data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we find that the cluster mass distribution is asymmetric, composed of a main clump and a subclump ∼640 kpc west thereof. The central clump is further resolved into two smaller northwestern and southeastern substructures separated by ∼150 kpc. We show that this rather complex mass distribution is more consistent with the cluster galaxy distribution than a unimodal distribution as previously presented. The northwestern substructure coincides with the brightest cluster galaxy and the X-ray peak while the southeastern one agrees with the location of the peak in number density. These morphological features and the comparison with the X-ray emission suggest that the cluster might be a merging system. We estimate the virial mass of the cluster to be M200c =(10.4-3.0 +3.3 ± 1.0) × 1014 M⊙, where the second error bar is the systematic uncertainty. Our result confirms that the cluster SPT-CL J2106-5844 is indeed the most massive cluster at z > 1 known to date. We demonstrate the robustness of this mass estimate by performing a number of tests with different assumptions on the centroids, mass-concentration relations, and sample variance.
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