Professor Justin Wark

Abstract:

In recent experiments uniform plasmas have been generated at high densities and low temperatures, (typically electron densities of 10(19) cm(-3) and T similar to 2 - 5 eV). Additionally, such plasmas are also produced during free laser ablation - a topic of relevance to the deposition of thin solid films. Standard methods used to diagnose plasmas are difficult to apply at these conditions, as there is significant overlap of the broad spectral lines from different elements and ion stages. It is therefore of interest to attempt to calculate the entire spectrum in the appropriate wavelength regime. For most elements, the number of individual spectral line profiles that have been calculated as a, function of density and temperature using the semi-classical method is very small, hindering such a synthesis of the full spectra. However, a technique for approximating line shapes simply and rapidly (the modified semi-empirical method) has previously been developed for individual lines. We utilise this method, coupled with an accurate database, to generate a large number of density dependent line profiles, and hence an approximation to the full spectrum. We evaluate the accuracy and utility of such an approach by comparison with the few extant semi-classical calculations. The method described facilitates the rapid generation of approximate spectra. It can also be used as a post processor to a hydrodynamic code to obtain both time dependent and time integrated spectra in the approximation that the laser-ablated plasma is both optically thin and in LTE. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

The transfer of radiation through plasmas with large velocity gradients is of relevance to several astrophysical situations, such as supernova explosions, maser operation, and stellar winds. Similar conditions often prevail in laser-produced plasmas, with velocity gradients of order 10(9) s(-1) significantly altering the effective optical depth and line shape. Some of the simplest cases to study experimentally are the hydrogenic resonance lines. Experiments performed in both planar and cylindrical geometry, comparing the observed line profiles with those modeled using a one-dimensional Lagrangian hydrocode, incorporating average-atom nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) atomic physics are described. The opacity effects on the ion populations an treated within the escape factor approximation, taking into account the effects of the velocity gradient. The hydrocode gives time- and space-dependent values of the electron and ion densities, excited state fractions, electron and ion temperatures, and velocities, The hydrodynamic output is post-processed with a radiative transfer routine to construct the simulated line shape. Details of the experiments and results are presented, and relevance to the astrophysical situations discussed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Abstract:

In direct drive inertial confinement fusion, the residual speckle pattern remaining after beam smoothing plays an important role in the seeding of instabilities at the ablation front. An x-ray laser is used as an extreme ultraviolet backlighter to characterize the imprinted modulation in thin foils for smoothing by random phase plate and by spectral dispersion for both 0.35 and 0.53 mu m irradiation, and by induced spatial incoherence for 0.53 mu m irradiation. Measurements of the imprinted modulation due to a single optical mode generated by two beam interference, and modification of the imprint with a superposed smooth irradiation to study time dependence of the imprinting process are demonstrated. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Abstract:

In recent experiments the capacity has been developed to generate plasmas at high densities. Standard methods used to diagnose plasmas are difficult to apply at these conditions, since it is necessary to calculate the entire spectrum as there is significant overlap of spectral lines. However, for most elements, the number of individual spectral line profiles calculated using the semiclassical method is very small. We present a method to use an approximate line width formula, coupled with an accurate database to generate a large number of line profiles. We evaluate the accuracy and utility of such an approach by comparison with semiclassical calculations. © 1997 The American Physical Society.