Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

Using the Boolardy Engineering Test Array of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP BETA), we have carried out the first z = 0–1 survey for H I and OH absorption towards the gravitationally lensed quasars PKS B1830−211 and MG J0414+0534. Although we detected all previously reported intervening systems towards PKS B1830−211, in the case of MG J0414+0534, three systems were not found, indicating that the original identifications may have been confused with radio frequency interference. Given the sensitivity of our data, we find that our detection yield is consistent with the expected frequency of intervening H I systems estimated from previous surveys for 21-cm emission in nearby galaxies and z ∼ 3 damped Lyman α absorbers. We find spectral variability in the z = 0.886 face-on spiral galaxy towards PKS B1830−211 from observations undertaken with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in 1997/1998 and ASKAP BETA in 2014/2015. The H I equivalent width varies by a few per cent over approximately yearly time-scales. This long-term spectral variability is correlated between the north-east and south-west images of the core, and with the total flux density of the source, implying that it is observationally coupled to intrinsic changes in the quasar. The absence of any detectable variability in the ratio of H I associated with the two core images is in stark contrast to the behaviour previously seen in the molecular lines. We therefore infer that coherent opaque H I structures in this galaxy are larger than the parsec-scale molecular clouds found at mm-wavelengths.

Abstract:

We present a robust calibration of the 1.4 GHz radio continuum star formation rate (SFR) using a combination of the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey and the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST) survey. We identify individually detected 1.4 GHz GAMA-FIRST sources and use a late-type, non-AGN, volume-limited sample from GAMA to produce stellar mass-selected samples. The latter are then combined to produce FIRST-stacked images. This extends the robust parametrisation of the 1.4 GHz-SFR relation to faint luminosities. For both the individually detected galaxies and our stacked samples, we compare 1.4 GHz luminosity to SFRs derived from GAMA to determine a new 1.4 GHz luminosity-to-SFR relation with well constrained slope and normalisation. For the first time, we produce the radio SFR-M⇤ relation over 2 decades in stellar mass, and find that our new calibration is robust, and produces a SFR-M⇤relation which is consistent with all other GAMA SFR methods. Finally, using our new 1.4 GHz luminosity-to-SFR calibration we make predictions for the number of star-forming GAMA sources which are likely to be detected in the upcoming ASKAP surveys, EMU and DINGO.

Abstract:

We present the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) atlas for a complete flux limited sample of local Ultra-Luminous Infra-Red Galaxies as part of the HERschel ULIRG Survey (HERUS). The data reduction is described in detail and was optimized for faint FTS sources with particular care being taken with the subtraction of the background which dominates the continuum shape of the spectra. Special treatment in the data reduction has been given to any observation suffering from artefacts in the data caused by anomalous instrumental effects to improve the final spectra. Complete spectra are shown covering 200−671µm with photometry in the SPIRE bands at 250µm, 350µm and 500µm. The spectra include near complete CO ladders for over half of our sample, as well as fine structure lines from [CI] 370 µm, [CI] 609 µm, and [NII] 205 µm. We also detect H2O lines in several objects. We construct CO Spectral Line Energy Distributions (SLEDs) for the sample, and compare their slopes with the farinfrared colours and luminosities. We show that the CO SLEDs of ULIRGs can be broadly grouped into three classes based on their excitation. We find that the mid-J (5<J<8) lines are better correlated with the total far-infrared luminosity, suggesting that the warm gas component is closely linked to recent star-formation. The higher J transitions do not linearly correlate with the far-infrared luminosity, consistent with them originating in hotter, denser gas unconnected to the current star-formation. We conclude that in most cases more than one temperature components are required to model the CO SLEDs.

Abstract:

I start by providing an updated summary of the penalized pixel-fitting (ppxf) method, which is used to extract the stellar and gas kinematics, as well as the stellar population of galaxies, via full spectrum fitting. I then focus on the problem of extracting the kinematic when the velocity dispersion σ is smaller than the velocity sampling ΔV, which is generally, by design, close to the instrumental dispersion σinst. The standard approach consists of convolving templates with a discretized kernel, while fitting for its parameters. This is obviously very inaccurate when σ ≲ ΔV=2, due to undersampling. Oversampling can prevent this, but it has drawbacks. Here I present a more accurate and efficient alternative. It avoids the evaluation of the under-sampled kernel, and instead directly computes its well-sampled analytic Fourier transform, for use with the convolution theorem. A simple analytic transform exists when the kernel is described by the popular Gauss-Hermite parametrization (which includes the Gaussian as special case) for the line-of-sight velocity distribution. I describe how this idea was implemented in a significant upgrade to the publicly available ppxf software. The key advantage of the new approach is that it provides accurate velocities regardless of σ. This is important e.g. for spectroscopic surveys targeting galaxies with σ << σinst, for galaxy redshift determinations, or for measuring line-of-sight velocities of individual stars. The proposed method could also be used to fix Gaussian convolution algorithms used in today’s popular software packages.