Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

We present resolved 3.6–250 μm dust spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting for ∼800 nearby galaxies. We measure the distribution of radiation field intensities heating the dust, the dust mass surface density (Σd), and the fraction of dust in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; q PAH). We find that the average interstellar radiation field ( U¯ ) is correlated both with stellar mass surface density (Σ⋆) and star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR), while more intense radiation fields are only correlated with ΣSFR. We show that q PAH is a steeply decreasing function of ΣSFR, likely reflecting PAH destruction in H ii regions. Galaxy-integrated q PAH is strongly, negatively correlated with specific star formation rate (sSFR) and offset from the star-forming “main sequence” (ΔMS), suggesting that both metallicity and star formation intensity play a role in setting the global q PAH. We also find a nearly constant M d/M * ratio for galaxies on the main sequence, with a lower ratio for more quiescent galaxies, likely due to their lower gas fractions. From these results, we construct prescriptions to estimate the radiation field distribution in both integrated and resolved galaxies. We test these prescriptions by comparing our predicted U¯ to results of SED fitting for stacked “main-sequence” galaxies at 0 < z < 4 from M. Béthermin et al. and find sSFR is an accurate predictor of U¯ even at these high redshifts. Finally, we describe the public delivery of matched-resolution Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and Herschel maps along with the resolved dust SED-fitting results through the Infrared Science Archive.

Abstract:

Over the past decade, several millimeter interferometer programs have mapped the nearby star-forming galaxy M51 at a spatial resolution of ≤170 pc. This study combines observations from three major programs: the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey, the SMA M51 large program, and the Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA. The data set includes the (1–0) and (2–1) rotational transitions of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O isotopologues. The observations cover the r < 3 kpc region, including the center and part of the disk, thereby ensuring strong detections of the weaker 13CO and C18O lines. All observations are convolved in this analysis to an angular resolution of 4″, corresponding to a physical scale of 170 pc. We investigate empirical line ratio relations and quantitatively evaluate molecular gas conditions such as temperature, density, and the CO-to-H2 conversion factor (α CO). We employ two approaches to study the molecular gas conditions: (i) assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) to analytically determine the CO column density and α CO, and (ii) using non-LTE modeling with RADEX to fit physical conditions to observed CO isotopologue intensities. We find that the α CO values in the center and along the inner spiral arm are ∼0.5 dex (LTE) and 0.1 dex (non-LTE) below the Milky Way inner disk value. The average non-LTE α CO is 2.4 ± 0.5 M ⊙ pc−2 (K km s−1)−1. While both methods show dispersion due to underlying assumptions, the scatter is larger for LTE-derived values. This study underscores the necessity for robust CO line modeling to accurately constrain the molecular interstellar medium’s physical and chemical conditions in nearby galaxies.

Abstract:

High-resolution absorption spectroscopy toward bright background sources has had a paramount role in understanding early galaxy formation, the evolution of the intergalactic medium and the reionisation of the Universe. However, these studies are now approaching the boundaries of what can be achieved at ground-based 8-10m class telescopes. The identification of primeval systems at the highest redshifts, within the reionisation epoch and even into the dark ages, and of the products of the first generation of stars and the chemical enrichment of the early Universe, requires observing very faint targets with a signal-to-noise ratio high enough to detect very weak spectral signatures. In this paper, we describe the giant leap forward that will be enabled by ANDES, the high-resolution spectrograph for the ELT, in these key science fields, together with a brief, non-exhaustive overview of other extragalactic research topics that will be pursued by this instrument, and its synergistic use with other facilities that will become available in the early 2030s.