Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

The ultraluminous infrared Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 231 has been spectrally imaged in the K band with the new three-dimensional MPE integral field spectrometer. The combined images of the H2 emission lines show, for the first time in an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, the presence of an extended circumnuclear structure of hot molecular gas. The H2 emitting region has a size of ∼2.4 kpc and a hot molecular gas mass MH2^hot ∼ 2 × 10⁴ M⊙. The H2 emission-line ratios indicate that the gas is most likely thermally excited. If as in NGC 7469 star formation is associated with the H2 emission, the starburst would have a far-IR luminosity LFIR ∼ 1 × 10¹² L⊙. This value represents an upper limit, since a fraction of the hot molecular gas may be excited by the radiation field emerging from the nucleus. The K-band three-dimensional data cube also shows for the first time the presence of extended narrow Paα emission blueshifted by ∼1400 km s^-1 with respect to the systemic velocity, and located ∼0.6 kpc northwest of the nucleus. The detection of CO absorption bands with a spatial distribution peaking on the K-band continuum provides evidence for a central stellar concentration. The low CO spectroscopic index indicates, however, dilution by hot dust emission or by a nonthermal active galactic nucleus. The Paα/Hα ratio confirms previous extinction measurements based on Balmer line ratios, i.e., visual extinction of AV ∼ 2.0-6.6 mag. The quasar-type nucleus of Mrk 231 should then be transparent at 2 μm and also in hard X-rays. A weak nuclear He I λ2.058 μm (He I/Paα = 0.032) is detected, and no detection of [Si VI] λ1.962 μm is made, placing an upper limit of 4 × 10^-18 Wm^-2 for the coronal gas emission. The ionizing source could either be a far-UV and X-ray quiet quasar or else a nuclear starburst with an upper mass limit ≥60 M⊙. © 1997. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

We present source counts at 6.7 and 15 μm from our maps of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) region, reaching 38.6 μJy at 6.7 μm and 255 μJy at 15 μm. These are the first ever extragalactic number counts to be presented at 6.7 μm, and are three decades fainter than IRAS at 12 μm. Both source counts and a P(D) analysis suggest that we have reached the Infrared Space Obsen'atory (ISO) confusion limit at 15 μm: this will have important implications for future space missions. These data provide an excellent reference point for other ongoing ISO surveys. A no-evolution model at 15 μm is ruled out at > 3σ, while two models which fit the steep IRAS 60-μm counts are acceptable. This provides important confirmation of the strong evolution seen in IRAS surveys. One of these models can then be ruled out from the 6.7-μm data. © 1997 RAS.

Abstract:

We present new near-infrared speckle and adaptive optics imaging and integral field spectroscopy of the nuclear region of NGC 1068. Ninety-four percent of the K-band light in the central 1" originates from a ≤30 milliarcsecond diameter source whose position we determine to coincide within ± 0''15 with the apex of the cone structure seen in the optical narrow emission lines, as well as the location of the flat spectrum radio component SI and the 12 μm emission peak. We interpret the compact source as hot dust near the sublimation temperature within ∼ 1 pc of the true nucleus of the galaxy. The remaining 6% of the light in the central 1″ comes from a moderately extincted stellar core centered on the nuclear position and of intrinsic size ∼50 pc. We show that this nuclear stellar core is probably 5-16 × 108 yr in age and contributes at least 7% of the total nuclear luminosity of ~1 × 1011 L⊙. © 1997. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

3D is a new type of a highly sensitive near-infrared integral field spectrometer developed at MPE. It has been designed to multiplex spectral as well as spatial information thus obtaining a full data cube in a single integration. At a spectral resolution between 1000 and 2000 and a field of view of 16 x 16 pixels, optimized for subarcsecond spatial resolution imaging spectroscopy, it has a much higher efficiency compared to conventional techniques. Outfitting one of the VLTs with a near-IR 3D type instrument will provide a powerful tool for diffraction-limited integral field spectroscopic research, in particular on faint high-z galaxies in the early universe. The basic design, recent upgrades as well as plans for a possible VLT-3D instrument are presented.

Abstract:

Soon after the IRAS mission, the first ever mission in exploring the Infrared world from space, it was realised that there exists a great number of galaxy populations that are extremely luminous at infrared wavelengths. Yet, their optical output was significantly smaller when compared to their infrared one. The enormous amounts of dust present in these galaxies is of course the reason for the different appearence of these galaxies at different wavelengths. And although optical spectroscopy is generally a useful tool, it can not provide much inside on these galactic nuclei as their centers suffer high extinctions. However, infrared spectroscopy although difficult to be performed from the ground, is the ideal tool for probing the obscured nuclei of galaxies. The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) provides the best opportunity to probe these obscured nuclei, and even more, promises to open up our view of the infrared world.