Prof Subir Sarkar

Abstract:

Astrophysical shocks are commonly revealed by the non-thermal emission of energetic electrons accelerated in situ ^1-3 . Strong shocks are expected to accelerate particles to very high energies ^4-6 ; however, they require a source of particles with velocities fast enough to permit multiple shock crossings. While the resulting diffusive shock acceleration ⁴ process can account for observations, the kinetic physics regulating the continuous injection of non-thermal particles is not well understood. Indeed, this injection problem is particularly acute for electrons, which rely on high-frequency plasma fluctuations to raise them above the thermal pool ^7,8 . Here we show, using laboratory laser-produced shock experiments, that, in the presence of a strong magnetic field, significant electron pre-heating is achieved. We demonstrate that the key mechanism in producing these energetic electrons is through the generation of lower-hybrid turbulence via shock-reflected ions. Our experimental results are analogous to many astrophysical systems, including the interaction of a comet with the solar wind ⁹ , a setting where electron acceleration via lower-hybrid waves is possible.

Abstract:

We determine the dipole in the WISE galaxy catalogue. After reducing star contamination to <0.1% by rejecting sources with high apparent motion and those close to the Galactic plane, we eliminate low redshift sources to suppress the non-kinematic, clustering dipole. We remove sources within {\pm}5{\deg} of the super-galactic plane, as well as those within 1'' of 2MRS sources at redshift z < 0.03. We enforce cuts on the source angular extent to preferentially select distant ones. As we progress along these steps, the dipole converges in direction to within 5{\deg} of the CMB dipole and its magnitude also progressively reduces but stabilises at {\sim}0.012, corresponding to a velocity >1000 km/s if it is solely of kinematic origin. However, previous studies have shown that only {\sim}70% of the velocity of the Local Group as inferred from the CMB dipole is due to sources at z < 0.03. We examine the Dark Sky simulations to quantify the prevalence of such environments and find that <2.1% of Milky Way-like observers in a {\Lambda}CDM universe should observe the bulk flow (> 240 km/s extending to z > 0.03) that we do. We construct mock catalogues in the neighbourhood of such peculiar observers in order to mimic our final galaxy selection and quantify the residual clustering dipole. After subtracting this the remaining dipole is 0.0048 {\pm} 0.0022, corresponding to a velocity of 420 {\pm} 213 km/s which is consistent with the CMB. However the sources (at z > 0.03) of such a large clustering dipole remain to be identified.