Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

Galactic nuclei, the densest stellar environments in the Universe, exhibit a complex geometrical structure. The stars orbiting the central supermassive black hole follow a mass segregated distribution both in the radial distance from the center and in the inclination angle of the orbital planes. The latter distribution may represent the equilibrium state of vector resonant relaxation. In this paper, we build simple models to understand the equilibrium distribution found previously in numerical simulations. Using the method of maximizing the total entropy and the quadrupole mean-field approximation, we determine the equilibrium distribution of axisymmetric two-component gravitating systems with two distinct masses, semimajor axes, and eccentricities. We also examine the limiting case when one of the components dominates over the total energy and angular momentum, approximately acting as a heat bath, which may represent the surrounding astrophysical environment such as the tidal perturbation from the galaxy, a massive perturber, a gas torus, or a nearby stellar system. Remarkably, the bodies above a critical mass in the subdominant component condense into a disk in a ubiquitous way. We identify the system parameters where the transition is smooth and where it is discontinuous. The latter cases exhibit a phase transition between an ordered disklike state and a disordered nearly spherical distribution both in the canonical and in the microcanonical ensembles for these long-range interacting systems.

Abstract:

Using high-resolution Romulus simulations, we explore the origin and evolution of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) in the region 0.1 ≤ R/R500 ≤ 1 around massive central galaxies in group-scale halos. We find that the CGM is multiphase and highly dynamic. Investigating the dynamics, we identify seven patterns of evolution. We show that these are robust and detected consistently across various conditions. The gas cools via two pathways: (1) filamentary cooling inflows and (2) condensations forming from rapidly cooling density perturbations. In our cosmological simulations, the perturbations are mainly seeded by orbiting substructures. The condensations can form even when the median tcool/tff of the X-ray emitting gas is above 10 or 20. Strong amplitude perturbations can provoke runaway cooling regardless of the state of the background gas. We also find perturbations whose local tcool/tff ratios drop below the threshold but which do not condense. Rather, the ratios fall to some minimum value and then bounce. These are weak perturbations that are temporarily swept up in satellite wakes and carried to larger radii. Their tcool/tff ratios decrease because tff is increasing, not because tcool is decreasing. For structures forming hierarchically, our study highlights the challenge of using a simple threshold argument to infer the CGM's evolution. It also highlights that the median hot gas properties are suboptimal determinants of the CGM's state and dynamics. Realistic CGM models must incorporate the impact of mergers and orbiting satellites, along with the CGM's heating and cooling cycles.

Abstract:

Faraday rotation measure (RM) is arguably the most practical observational tracer of magnetic fields in the diffuse circumgalactic medium (CGM). We sample synthetic Faraday rotation skies of Milky Way-like galaxies in TNG50 of the IllustrisTNG project by placing an observer inside the galaxies at a solar circle-like position. Our synthetic RM grids emulate specifications of current and upcoming surveys; the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS), the Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM), and a future Square Kilometre Array (SKA1-mid) polarization survey. It has been suggested that magnetic fields regulate the survival of high-velocity clouds. However, there is only a small number of observational detections of magnetized clouds thus far. In the first part of the paper, we test conditions for the detection of magnetized circumgalactic clouds. Based on the synthetic RM samplings of clouds in the simulations, we predict upcoming polarimetric surveys will open opportunities for the detection of even low-mass and distant clouds. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the imprint of the CGM in the all-sky RM distribution. We test whether the RM variation produced by the CGM is correlated with global galaxy properties, such as distance to a satellite, specific star formation rate, neutral hydrogen covering fraction, and accretion rate to the supermassive black hole. We argue that the observed fluctuation in the RM measurements on scales less than 1, which has been considered an indication of intergalactic magnetic fields, might in fact incorporate a significant contribution of the Milky Way CGM.