Calibration of the underground muon detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal of Instrumentation IOP Publishing 16:04 (2021) p04003

Authors:

A Aab, P Abreu, M Aglietta, JM Albury, I Allekotte, A Almela, J Alvarez-Muñiz, R Alves Batista, GA Anastasi, L Anchordoqui, B Andrada, S Andringa, C Aramo, PR Araújo Ferreira, JC Arteaga Velázquez, H Asorey, P Assis, G Avila, AM Badescu, A Bakalova, A Balaceanu, F Barbato, RJ Barreira Luz, KH Becker, JA Bellido, C Berat, ME Bertaina, X Bertou, PL Biermann, T Bister, J Biteau, J Blazek, C Bleve, M Boháčová, D Boncioli, C Bonifazi, L Bonneau Arbeletche, N Borodai, AM Botti, J Brack, T Bretz, PG Brichetto Orchera, FL Briechle, P Buchholz, A Bueno, S Buitink, M Buscemi, KS Caballero-Mora, L Caccianiga, F Canfora, I Caracas, JM Carceller, R Caruso, A Castellina, F Catalani, G Cataldi, L Cazon, M Cerda, JA Chinellato, K Choi, J Chudoba, L Chytka, RW Clay, AC Cobos Cerutti, R Colalillo, A Coleman, MR Coluccia, R Conceição, A Condorelli, G Consolati, F Contreras, F Convenga, D Correia dos Santos, CE Covault, S Dasso, K Daumiller, BR Dawson, JA Day, RM de Almeida, J de Jesús, SJ de Jong, G De Mauro, JRT de Mello Neto, I De Mitri, J de Oliveira, D de Oliveira Franco, F de Palma, V de Souza, E De Vito, M del Río, O Deligny, A Di Matteo, C Dobrigkeit, JC D'Olivo, RC dos Anjos, MT Dova, J Ebr, R Engel, I Epicoco, M Erdmann, CO Escobar, A Etchegoyen, H Falcke, J Farmer, G Farrar, AC Fauth, N Fazzini, F Feldbusch, F Fenu, B Fick, JM Figueira, A Filipčič, T Fodran, MM Freire, T Fujii, A Fuster, C Galea, C Galelli, B García, AL Garcia Vegas, H Gemmeke, F Gesualdi, A Gherghel-Lascu, PL Ghia, U Giaccari, M Giammarchi, M Giller, J Glombitza, F Gobbi, F Gollan, G Golup, M Gómez Berisso, PF Gómez Vitale, JP Gongora, JM González, N González, I Goos, D Góra, A Gorgi, M Gottowik, TD Grubb, F Guarino, GP Guedes, E Guido, S Hahn, P Hamal, MR Hampel, P Hansen, D Harari, VM Harvey, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, GC Hill, C Hojvat, JR Hörandel, P Horvath, M Hrabovský, T Huege, J Hulsman, A Insolia, PG Isar, P Janecek, JA Johnsen, J Jurysek, A Kääpä, KH Kampert, B Keilhauer, J Kemp, HO Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller, M Köpke, N Kunka, BL Lago, RG Lang, N Langner, MA Leigui de Oliveira, V Lenok, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon, D Lo Presti, L Lopes, R López, L Lu, Q Luce, A Lucero, JP Lundquist, A Machado Payeras, G Mancarella, D Mandat, BC Manning, J Manshanden, P Mantsch, S Marafico, AG Mariazzi, IC Mariş, G Marsella, D Martello, H Martinez, O Martínez Bravo, M Mastrodicasa, HJ Mathes, J Matthews, G Matthiae, E Mayotte, PO Mazur, G Medina-Tanco, D Melo, A Menshikov, K-D Merenda, S Michal, MI Micheletti, L Miramonti, S Mollerach, F Montanet, C Morello, M Mostafá, AL Müller, MA Muller, K Mulrey, R Mussa, M Muzio, WM Namasaka, A Nasr-Esfahani, L Nellen, M Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M Niechciol, D Nitz, D Nosek, V Novotny, L Nožka, A Nucita, LA Núñez, M Palatka, J Pallotta, P Papenbreer, G Parente, A Parra, M Pech, F Pedreira, J Pȩkala, R Pelayo, J Peña-Rodriguez, EE Pereira Martins, J Perez Armand, C Pérez Bertolli, M Perlin, L Perrone, S Petrera, T Pierog, M Pimenta, V Pirronello, M Platino, B Pont, M Pothast, P Privitera, M Prouza, A Puyleart, S Querchfeld, J Rautenberg, D Ravignani, M Reininghaus, J Ridky, F Riehn, M Risse, V Rizi, W Rodrigues de Carvalho, J Rodriguez Rojo, MJ Roncoroni, M Roth, E Roulet, AC Rovero, P Ruehl, SJ Saffi, A Saftoiu, F Salamida, H Salazar, G Salina, JD Sanabria Gomez, F Sánchez, EM Santos, E Santos, F Sarazin, R Sarmento, C Sarmiento-Cano, R Sato, P Savina, CM Schäfer, V Scherini, H Schieler, M Schimassek, M Schimp, F Schlüter, D Schmidt, O Scholten, P Schovánek, FG Schröder, S Schröder, J Schulte, SJ Sciutto, M Scornavacche, A Segreto, S Sehgal, RC Shellard, G Sigl, G Silli, O Sima, R Šmída, P Sommers, JF Soriano, J Souchard, R Squartini, M Stadelmaier, D Stanca, S Stanič, J Stasielak, P Stassi, A Streich, M Suárez-Durán, T Sudholz, T Suomijärvi, AD Supanitsky, J Šupík, Z Szadkowski, A Taboada, A Tapia, C Taricco, C Timmermans, O Tkachenko, P Tobiska, CJ Todero Peixoto, B Tomé, A Travaini, P Travnicek, C Trimarelli, M Trini, M Tueros, R Ulrich, M Unger, L Vaclavek, M Vacula, JF Valdés Galicia, L Valore, E Varela, V Varma K.C., A Vásquez-Ramírez, D Veberič, C Ventura, ID Vergara Quispe, V Verzi, J Vicha, J Vink, S Vorobiov, H Wahlberg, C Watanabe, AA Watson, M Weber, A Weindl, L Wiencke, H Wilczyński, T Winchen, M Wirtz, D Wittkowski, B Wundheiler, A Yushkov, O Zapparrata, E Zas, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, L Zehrer, A Zepeda

H.E.S.S. and MAGIC observations of a sudden cessation of a very-high-energy γ-ray flare in PKS 1510−089 in May 2016

Astronomy & Astrophysics EDP Sciences 648 (2021) a23

Authors:

H Abdalla, R Adam, F Aharonian, F Ait Benkhali, EO Angüner, C Arcaro, C Armand, T Armstrong, H Ashkar, M Backes, V Baghmanyan, V Barbosa Martins, A Barnacka, M Barnard, Y Becherini, D Berge, K Bernlöhr, B Bi, M Böttcher, C Boisson, J Bolmont, S Bonnefoy, M de Bony de Lavergne, J Bregeon, M Breuhaus, F Brun, P Brun, M Bryan, M Büchele, T Bulik, T Bylund, S Caroff, A Carosi, S Casanova, T Chand, S Chandra, A Chen, G Cotter, M Curyło, J Damascene Mbarubucyeye, ID Davids, J Davies, C Deil, J Devin, P deWilt, L Dirson, A Djannati-Ataï, A Dmytriiev, A Donath, V Doroshenko, J Dyks, K Egberts, F Eichhorn, S Einecke, G Emery, J-P Ernenwein, K Feijen, S Fegan, A Fiasson, G Fichet de Clairfontaine, M Filipovic, G Fontaine, S Funk, M Füßling, S Gabici, YA Gallant, G Giavitto, L Giunti, D Glawion, JF Glicenstein, D Gottschall, M-H Grondin, J Hahn, M Haupt, G Hermann, JA Hinton, W Hofmann, C Hoischen, TL Holch, M Holler, M Hörbe, D Horns, D Huber, M Jamrozy, D Jankowsky, F Jankowsky, A Jardin-Blicq, V Joshi, I Jung-Richardt, MA Kastendieck, K Katarzyński, U Katz, D Khangulyan, B Khélifi, S Klepser, W Kluźniak, Nu Komin, R Konno, K Kosack, D Kostunin, M Kreter, G Lamanna, A Lemière, M Lemoine-Goumard, J-P Lenain, C Levy, T Lohse, I Lypova, J Mackey, J Majumdar, D Malyshev, D Malyshev, V Marandon, P Marchegiani, A Marcowith, A Mares, G Martí-Devesa, R Marx, G Maurin, PJ Meintjes, M Meyer, AMW Mitchell, R Moderski, M Mohamed, L Mohrmann, A Montanari, C Moore, P Morris, E Moulin, J Muller, T Murach, K Nakashima, A Nayerhoda, M de Naurois, H Ndiyavala, F Niederwanger, J Niemiec, L Oakes, P O’Brien, H Odaka, S Ohm, L Olivera-Nieto, E de Ona Wilhelmi, M Ostrowski, M Panter, S Panny, RD Parsons, G Peron, B Peyaud, Q Piel, S Pita, V Poireau, A Priyana Noel, DA Prokhorov, H Prokoph, G Pühlhofer, M Punch, A Quirrenbach, S Raab, R Rauth, P Reichherzer, A Reimer, O Reimer, Q Remy, M Renaud, F Rieger, L Rinchiuso, C Romoli, G Rowell, B Rudak, E Ruiz-Velasco, V Sahakian, S Sailer, DA Sanchez, A Santangelo, M Sasaki, M Scalici, F Schüssler, HM Schutte, U Schwanke, S Schwemmer, M Seglar-Arroyo, M Senniappan, AS Seyffert, N Shafi, K Shiningayamwe, R Simoni, A Sinha, H Sol, A Specovius, S Spencer, M Spir-Jacob, Ł Stawarz, L Sun, R Steenkamp, C Stegmann, S Steinmassl, C Steppa, T Takahashi, T Tavernier, AM Taylor, R Terrier, D Tiziani, M Tluczykont, L Tomankova, C Trichard, M Tsirou, R Tuffs, Y Uchiyama, DJ van der Walt, C van Eldik, C van Rensburg, B van Soelen, G Vasileiadis, J Veh, C Venter, P Vincent, J Vink, HJ Völk, T Vuillaume, Z Wadiasingh, SJ Wagner, J Watson, F Werner, R White, A Wierzcholska, Yu W Wong, A Yusafzai, M Zacharias, R Zanin, D Zargaryan, AA Zdziarski, A Zech, SJ Zhu, J Zorn, S Zouari, N Żywucka, VA Acciari, S Ansoldi, LA Antonelli, A Arbet Engels, K Asano, D Baack, A Babić, A Baquero, U Barres de Almeida, JA Barrio, J Becerra González, W Bednarek, L Bellizzi, E Bernardini, A Berti, J Besenrieder, W Bhattacharyya, C Bigongiari, A Biland, O Blanch, G Bonnoli, Ž Bošnjak, G Busetto, R Carosi, G Ceribella, M Cerruti, Y Chai, A Chilingarian, S Cikota, SM Colak, U Colin, E Colombo, JL Contreras, J Cortina, S Covino, G D’Amico, V D’Elia, P Da Vela, F Dazzi, A De Angelis, B De Lotto, M Delfino, J Delgado, D Depaoli, F Di Pierro, L Di Venere, E Do Souto Espiñeira, D Dominis Prester, A Donini, D Dorner, M Doro, D Elsaesser, V Fallah Ramazani, A Fattorini, G Ferrara, L Foffano, MV Fonseca, L Font, C Fruck, S Fukami, RJ García López, M Garczarczyk, S Gasparyan, M Gaug, N Giglietto, F Giordano, P Gliwny, N Godinović, D Green, D Hadasch, A Hahn, L Heckmann, J Herrera, J Hoang, D Hrupec, M Hütten, T Inada, S Inoue, K Ishio, Y Iwamura, L Jouvin, Y Kajiwara, M Karjalainen, D Kerszberg, Y Kobayashi, H Kubo, J Kushida, A Lamastra, D Lelas, F Leone, E Lindfors, S Lombardi, F Longo, M López, R López-Coto, A López-Oramas, S Loporchio, B Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C Maggio, P Majumdar, M Makariev, M Mallamaci, G Maneva, M Manganaro, K Mannheim, L Maraschi, M Mariotti, M Martínez, D Mazin, S Mender, S Mićanović, D Miceli, T Miener, M Minev, JM Miranda, R Mirzoyan, E Molina, A Moralejo, D Morcuende, V Moreno, E Moretti, P Munar-Adrover, V Neustroev, C Nigro, K Nilsson, D Ninci, K Nishijima, K Noda, S Nozaki, Y Ohtani, T Oka, J Otero-Santos, M Palatiello, D Paneque, R Paoletti, JM Paredes, L Pavletić, P Peñil, C Perennes, M Persic, PG Prada Moroni, E Prandini, C Priyadarshi, I Puljak, W Rhode, M Ribó, J Rico, C Righi, A Rugliancich, L Saha, N Sahakyan, T Saito, S Sakurai, K Satalecka, B Schleicher, K Schmidt, T Schweizer, J Sitarek, I Šnidarić, D Sobczynska, A Spolon, A Stamerra, D Strom, M Strzys, Y Suda, T Surić, M Takahashi, F Tavecchio, P Temnikov, T Terzić, M Teshima, N Torres-Albà, L Tosti, S Truzzi, J van Scherpenberg, G Vanzo, M Vazquez Acosta, S Ventura, V Verguilov, CF Vigorito, V Vitale, I Vovk, M Will, D Zarić, SG Jorstad, AP Marscher, B Boccardi, C Casadio, J Hodgson, J-Y Kim, TP Krichbaum, A Lähteenmäki, M Tornikoski, E Traianou, ZR Weaver

Measurement of the Fluctuations in the Number of Muons in Extensive Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory.

Physical review letters 126:15 (2021) 152002

Authors:

A Aab, P Abreu, M Aglietta, JM Albury, I Allekotte, A Almela, J Alvarez-Muñiz, R Alves Batista, GA Anastasi, L Anchordoqui, B Andrada, S Andringa, C Aramo, PR Araújo Ferreira, H Asorey, P Assis, G Avila, AM Badescu, A Bakalova, A Balaceanu, F Barbato, RJ Barreira Luz, KH Becker, JA Bellido, C Berat, ME Bertaina, X Bertou, PL Biermann, T Bister, J Biteau, J Blazek, C Bleve, M Boháčová, D Boncioli, C Bonifazi, L Bonneau Arbeletche, N Borodai, AM Botti, J Brack, T Bretz, FL Briechle, P Buchholz, A Bueno, S Buitink, M Buscemi, KS Caballero-Mora, L Caccianiga, A Cancio, F Canfora, I Caracas, JM Carceller, R Caruso, A Castellina, F Catalani, G Cataldi, L Cazon, M Cerda, JA Chinellato, K Choi, J Chudoba, L Chytka, RW Clay, AC Cobos Cerutti, R Colalillo, A Coleman, MR Coluccia, R Conceição, A Condorelli, G Consolati, F Contreras, F Convenga, CE Covault, S Dasso, K Daumiller, BR Dawson, JA Day, RM de Almeida, J de Jesús, SJ de Jong, G De Mauro, JRT de Mello Neto, I De Mitri, J de Oliveira, D de Oliveira Franco, V de Souza, E De Vito, J Debatin, M Del Río, O Deligny, H Dembinski, N Dhital, A Di Matteo, C Dobrigkeit, JC D'Olivo, RC Dos Anjos, MT Dova, J Ebr, R Engel, I Epicoco, M Erdmann, CO Escobar, A Etchegoyen, H Falcke, J Farmer, G Farrar, AC Fauth, N Fazzini, F Feldbusch, F Fenu, B Fick, JM Figueira, A Filipčič, T Fodran, MM Freire, T Fujii, A Fuster, C Galea, C Galelli, B García, AL Garcia Vegas, H Gemmeke, F Gesualdi, A Gherghel-Lascu, PL Ghia, U Giaccari, M Giammarchi, M Giller, J Glombitza, F Gobbi, F Gollan, G Golup, M Gómez Berisso, PF Gómez Vitale, JP Gongora, N González, I Goos, D Góra, A Gorgi, M Gottowik, TD Grubb, F Guarino, GP Guedes, E Guido, S Hahn, R Halliday, MR Hampel, P Hansen, D Harari, VM Harvey, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, GC Hill, C Hojvat, JR Hörandel, P Horvath, M Hrabovský, T Huege, J Hulsman, A Insolia, PG Isar, JA Johnsen, J Jurysek, A Kääpä, KH Kampert, B Keilhauer, J Kemp, HO Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller, M Köpke, G Kukec Mezek, BL Lago, D LaHurd, RG Lang, N Langner, MA Leigui de Oliveira, V Lenok, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon, D Lo Presti, L Lopes, R López, R Lorek, Q Luce, A Lucero, JP Lundquist, A Machado Payeras, G Mancarella, D Mandat, BC Manning, J Manshanden, P Mantsch, S Marafico, AG Mariazzi, IC Mariş, G Marsella, D Martello, H Martinez, O Martínez Bravo, M Mastrodicasa, HJ Mathes, J Matthews, G Matthiae, E Mayotte, PO Mazur, G Medina-Tanco, D Melo, A Menshikov, K-D Merenda, S Michal, MI Micheletti, L Miramonti, S Mollerach, F Montanet, C Morello, M Mostafá, AL Müller, MA Muller, K Mulrey, R Mussa, M Muzio, WM Namasaka, L Nellen, M Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M Niechciol, D Nitz, D Nosek, V Novotny, L Nožka, A Nucita, LA Núñez, M Palatka, J Pallotta, P Papenbreer, G Parente, A Parra, M Pech, F Pedreira, J Pȩkala, R Pelayo, J Peña-Rodriguez, J Perez Armand, M Perlin, L Perrone, S Petrera, T Pierog, M Pimenta, V Pirronello, M Platino, B Pont, M Pothast, P Privitera, M Prouza, A Puyleart, S Querchfeld, J Rautenberg, D Ravignani, M Reininghaus, J Ridky, F Riehn, M Risse, P Ristori, V Rizi, W Rodrigues de Carvalho, J Rodriguez Rojo, MJ Roncoroni, M Roth, E Roulet, AC Rovero, P Ruehl, SJ Saffi, A Saftoiu, F Salamida, H Salazar, G Salina, JD Sanabria Gomez, F Sánchez, EM Santos, E Santos, F Sarazin, R Sarmento, C Sarmiento-Cano, R Sato, P Savina, CM Schäfer, V Scherini, H Schieler, M Schimassek, M Schimp, F Schlüter, D Schmidt, O Scholten, P Schovánek, FG Schröder, S Schröder, J Schulte, SJ Sciutto, M Scornavacche, RC Shellard, G Sigl, G Silli, O Sima, R Šmída, P Sommers, JF Soriano, J Souchard, R Squartini, M Stadelmaier, D Stanca, S Stanič, J Stasielak, P Stassi, A Streich, M Suárez-Durán, T Sudholz, T Suomijärvi, AD Supanitsky, J Šupík, Z Szadkowski, A Taboada, A Tapia, C Timmermans, O Tkachenko, P Tobiska, CJ Todero Peixoto, B Tomé, G Torralba Elipe, A Travaini, P Travnicek, C Trimarelli, M Trini, M Tueros, R Ulrich, M Unger, L Vaclavek, M Vacula, JF Valdés Galicia, I Valiño, L Valore, E Varela, V Varma K C, A Vásquez-Ramírez, D Veberič, C Ventura, ID Vergara Quispe, V Verzi, J Vicha, J Vink, S Vorobiov, H Wahlberg, AA Watson, M Weber, A Weindl, L Wiencke, H Wilczyński, T Winchen, M Wirtz, D Wittkowski, B Wundheiler, A Yushkov, O Zapparrata, E Zas, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, L Zehrer, A Zepeda, Pierre Auger Collaboration

Abstract:

We present the first measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers produced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We find that the measured fluctuations are in good agreement with predictions from air shower simulations. This observation provides new insights into the origin of the previously reported deficit of muons in air shower simulations and constrains models of hadronic interactions at ultrahigh energies. Our measurement is compatible with the muon deficit originating from small deviations in the predictions from hadronic interaction models of particle production that accumulate as the showers develop.

The black hole transient MAXI J1348-630: evolution of the compact and transient jets during its 2019/2020 outburst

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Oxford University Press 504:1 (2021) 444-468

Authors:

F Carotenuto, S Corbel, E Tremou, Td Russell, A Tzioumis, Robert Fender, Pa Woudt, Sara Motta, Jca Miller-Jones, J Chauhan, Aj Tetarenko, Gr Sivakoff, Ian Heywood, A Horesh, Aj van der Horst, E Koerding, Kunal Mooley

Abstract:

We present the radio and X-ray monitoring campaign of the 2019/2020 outburst of MAXI J1348-630, a new black hole X-ray binary (BH XRB) discovered in 2019 January. We observed MAXI J1348-630 for ∼14 months in the radio band with MeerKAT and the Australia Telescope Compact Array, and in the X-rays with MAXI and Swift/XRT. Throughout the outburst, we detected and tracked the evolution of compact and transient jets. Following the main outburst, the system underwent at least four hard-state-only re-flares, during which compact jets were again detected. For the major outburst, we observed the rise, quenching and reactivation of compact jets, as well as two single-sided discrete ejecta travelling away from the BH, launched ∼2 months apart. These ejecta displayed the highest proper motion (≳100 mas d-1) ever measured for an accreting BH binary. From the jet motion, we constrain the ejecta inclination and speed to be ≤46° and ≥0.69 c, and the opening angle and transverse expansion speed of the first component to be ≤6° and ≤0.05 c. We also infer that the first ejection happened at the hard-to-soft state transition, before a strong radio flare, while the second ejection was launched during a short excursion from the soft to the intermediate state. After travelling with constant speed, the first component underwent a strong deceleration, which was covered with unprecedented detail and suggested that MAXI J1348-630 could be located inside a low-density cavity in the interstellar medium, as already proposed for XTE J1550-564 and H1743-322.

The black hole transient MAXI J1348-630: evolution of the compact and transient jets during its 2019/2020 outburst

(2021)

Authors:

F Carotenuto, S Corbel, E Tremou, TD Russell, A Tzioumis, RP Fender, PA Woudt, SE Motta, JCA Miller-Jones, J Chauhan, AJ Tetarenko, GR Sivakoff, I Heywood, A Horesh, AJ van der Horst, E Koerding, KP Mooley