Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR

(2021)

Authors:

JW Broderick, TD Russell, RP Fender, SA Trushkin, DA Green, J Chauhan, NA Nizhelskij, PG Tsybulev, NN Bursov, AV Shevchenko, GG Pooley, DRA Williams, JS Bright, A Rowlinson, S Corbel

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

The Astrophysical Journal Letters American Astronomical Society 911:1 (2021) l11

Authors:

The EHT MWL Science Working Group, JC Algaba, J Anczarski, K Asada, M Baloković, S Chandra, Y-Z Cui, AD Falcone, M Giroletti, C Goddi, K Hada, D Haggard, S Jorstad, A Kaur, T Kawashima, G Keating, J-Y Kim, M Kino, S Komossa, EV Kravchenko, TP Krichbaum, S-S Lee, R-S Lu, M Lucchini, S Markoff, J Neilsen, MA Nowak, J Park, G Principe, V Ramakrishnan, MT Reynolds, M Sasada, SS Savchenko, KE Williamson, The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Richard Anantua, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Bradford A Benson, Lindy Blackburn, Raymond Blundell, Wilfred Boland, Katherine L Bouman, Geoffrey C Bower, Hope Boyce, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, Silke Britzen, Avery E Broderick, Dominique Broguiere, Thomas Bronzwaer, Do-Young Byun, John E Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen, Paul M Chesler, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, John E Conway, James M Cordes, Thomas M Crawford, Geoffrey B Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, Gregory Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S Doeleman, Ralph P Eatough, Heino Falcke, Joseph Farah, Vincent L Fish, Ed Fomalont, H Alyson Ford, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Per Friberg, Christian M Fromm, Antonio Fuentes, Peter Galison, Charles F Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, Roman Gold, José L Gómez, Arturo I Gómez-Ruiz, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Michael H Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Luis C Ho, Paul Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L Huang, Lei Huang, David H Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, David J James, Buell T Jannuzi, Michael Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D Johnson, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kim, Jun Yi Koay, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M Koch, Shoko Koyama, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Cheng-Yu Kuo, Tod R Lauer, Aviad Levis, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Li, Michael Lindqvist, Rocco Lico, Greg Lindahl, Jun Liu, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, Andrei P Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin Lonsdale, Nicholas R MacDonald, Jirong Mao, Nicola Marchili, Daniel P Marrone, Alan P Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M Menten, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, James M Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Moscibrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Gibwa Musoke, Alejandro Mus Mejías, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, Roberto Neri, Chunchong Ni, Aristeidis Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Gisela N Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel CM Palumbo, Nimesh Patel, Ue-Li Pen, Dominic W Pesce, Vincent Piétu, Richard Plambeck, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Felix M Pötzl, Ben Prather, Jorge A Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G Rawlings, Alexander W Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Angelo Ricarte, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, Alan Rogers, Eduardo Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Kazi LJ Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Tuomas Savolainen, F Peter Schloerb, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Lijing Shao, Zhiqiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason SooHoo, He Sun, Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J Tetarenko, Paul Tiede, Remo PJ Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torne, Tyler Trent, Efthalia Traianou, Sascha Trippe, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R van Rossum, Jan Wagner, Derek Ward-Thompson, John Wardle, Jonathan Weintroub, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N Wong, Qingwen Wu, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ken Young, Ziri Younsi, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Yuan, J Anton Zensus, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration, G Principe, M Giroletti, F D’Ammando, M Orienti, HESS Collaboration, H Abdalla, R Adam, F Aharonian, F Ait Benkhali, EO Angüner, C Arcaro, C Armand, T Armstrong, H Ashkar, M Backes, V Baghmanyan, V Barbosa Martins, A Barnacka, M Barnard, Y Becherini, D Berge, K Bernlöhr, B Bi, M Böttcher, C Boisson, J Bolmont, M de Bony de Lavergne, M Breuhaus, F Brun, P Brun, M Bryan, M Büchele, T Bulik, T Bylund, S Caroff, A Carosi, S Casanova, T Chand, A Chen, G Cotter, M Curyło, J Damascene Mbarubucyeye, ID Davids, J Davies, C Deil, J Devin, P deWilt, L Dirson, A Djannati-Ataï, A Dmytriiev, A Donath, V Doroshenko, C Duffy, J Dyks, K Egberts, F Eichhorn, S Einecke, G Emery, J-P Ernenwein, K Feijen, S Fegan, A Fiasson, G Fichet de Clairfontaine, G Fontaine, S Funk, M Füßling, S Gabici, YA Gallant, G Giavitto, L Giunti, D Glawion, JF Glicenstein, D Gottschall, M-H Grondin, J Hahn, M Haupt, G Hermann, JA Hinton, W Hofmann, C Hoischen, TL Holch, M Holler, M Hörbe, D Horns, D Huber, M Jamrozy, D Jankowsky, F Jankowsky, A Jardin-Blicq, V Joshi, I Jung-Richardt, E Kasai, MA Kastendieck, K Katarzyński, U Katz, D Khangulyan, B Khélifi, S Klepser, W Kluźniak, Nu Komin, R Konno, K Kosack, D Kostunin, M Kreter, G Lamanna, A Lemière, M Lemoine-Goumard, J-P Lenain, C Levy, T Lohse, I Lypova, J Mackey, J Majumdar, D Malyshev, D Malyshev, V Marandon, P Marchegiani, A Marcowith, A Mares, G Martí-Devesa, R Marx, G Maurin, PJ Meintjes, M Meyer, R Moderski, M Mohamed, L Mohrmann, A Montanari, C Moore, P Morris, E Moulin, J Muller, T Murach, K Nakashima, A Nayerhoda, M de Naurois, H Ndiyavala, F Niederwanger, J Niemiec, L Oakes, P O’Brien, H Odaka, S Ohm, L Olivera-Nieto, E de Ona Wilhelmi, M Ostrowski, M Panter, S Panny, RD Parsons, G Peron, B Peyaud, Q Piel, S Pita, V Poireau, A Priyana Noel, DA Prokhorov, H Prokoph, G Pühlhofer, M Punch, A Quirrenbach, R Rauth, P Reichherzer, A Reimer, O Reimer, Q Remy, M Renaud, F Rieger, L Rinchiuso, C Romoli, G Rowell, B Rudak, E Ruiz-Velasco, V Sahakian, S Sailer, DA Sanchez, A Santangelo, M Sasaki, M Scalici, HM Schutte, U Schwanke, S Schwemmer, M Seglar-Arroyo, M Senniappan, AS Seyffert, N Shafi, K Shiningayamwe, R Simoni, A Sinha, H Sol, A Specovius, S Spencer, M Spir-Jacob, Ł Stawarz, L Sun, R Steenkamp, C Stegmann, S Steinmassl, C Steppa, T Takahashi, T Tavernier, AM Taylor, R Terrier, D Tiziani, M Tluczykont, L Tomankova, C Trichard, M Tsirou, R Tuffs, Y Uchiyama, DJ van der Walt, C van Eldik, C van Rensburg, B van Soelen, G Vasileiadis, J Veh, C Venter, P Vincent, J Vink, HJ Völk, T Vuillaume, Z Wadiasingh, SJ Wagner, J Watson, F Werner, R White, A Wierzcholska, Yu Wun Wong, A Yusafzai, M Zacharias, R Zanin, D Zargaryan, AA Zdziarski, A Zech, SJ Zhu, J Zorn, S Zouari, N Żywucka, MAGIC Collaboration, VA Acciari, S Ansoldi, LA Antonelli, A Arbet Engels, M Artero, K Asano, D Baack, A Babić, A Baquero, U Barres de Almeida, JA Barrio, J Becerra González, W Bednarek, L Bellizzi, E Bernardini, M Bernardos, A Berti, J Besenrieder, W Bhattacharyya, C Bigongiari, A Biland, O Blanch, G Bonnoli, Ž Bošnjak, G Busetto, R Carosi, G Ceribella, M Cerruti, Y Chai, A Chilingarian, S Cikota, SM Colak, E Colombo, JL Contreras, J Cortina, S Covino, G D’Amico, V D’Elia, P Da Vela, F Dazzi, A De Angelis, B De Lotto, M Delfino, J Delgado, C Delgado Mendez, D Depaoli, F Di Pierro, L Di Venere, E Do Souto Espiñeira, D Dominis Prester, A Donini, D Dorner, M Doro, D Elsaesser, V Fallah Ramazani, A Fattorini, G Ferrara, MV Fonseca, L Font, C Fruck, S Fukami, RJ García López, M Garczarczyk, S Gasparyan, M Gaug, N Giglietto, F Giordano, P Gliwny, N Godinović, JG Green, D Green, D Hadasch, A Hahn, L Heckmann, J Herrera, J Hoang, D Hrupec, M Hütten, T Inada, S Inoue, K Ishio, Y Iwamura, I Jiménez, J Jormanainen, L Jouvin, Y Kajiwara, M Karjalainen, D Kerszberg, Y Kobayashi, H Kubo, J Kushida, A Lamastra, D Lelas, F Leone, E Lindfors, S Lombardi, F Longo, R López-Coto, M López-Moya, A López-Oramas, S Loporchio, B Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C Maggio, P Majumdar, M Makariev, M Mallamaci, G Maneva, M Manganaro, K Mannheim, L Maraschi, M Mariotti, M Martínez, D Mazin, S Menchiari, S Mender, S Mićanović, D Miceli, T Miener, M Minev, JM Miranda, R Mirzoyan, E Molina, A Moralejo, D Morcuende, V Moreno, E Moretti, V Neustroev, C Nigro, K Nilsson, K Nishijima, K Noda, S Nozaki, Y Ohtani, T Oka, J Otero-Santos, S Paiano, M Palatiello, D Paneque, R Paoletti, JM Paredes, L Pavletić, P Peñil, C Perennes, M Persic, PG Prada Moroni, E Prandini, C Priyadarshi, I Puljak, W Rhode, M Ribó, J Rico, C Righi, A Rugliancich, L Saha, N Sahakyan, T Saito, S Sakurai, K Satalecka, FG Saturni, B Schleicher, K Schmidt, T Schweizer, J Sitarek, I Šnidarić, D Sobczynska, A Spolon, A Stamerra, D Strom, M Strzys, Y Suda, T Surić, M Takahashi, F Tavecchio, P Temnikov, T Terzić, M Teshima, L Tosti, S Truzzi, A Tutone, S Ubach, J van Scherpenberg, G Vanzo, M Vazquez Acosta, S Ventura, V Verguilov, CF Vigorito, V Vitale, I Vovk, M Will, C Wunderlich, D Zarić, VERITAS Collaboration, CB Adams, W Benbow, A Brill, M Capasso, JL Christiansen, AJ Chromey, MK Daniel, M Errando, KA Farrell, Q Feng, JP Finley, L Fortson, A Furniss, A Gent, C Giuri, T Hassan, O Hervet, J Holder, G Hughes, TB Humensky, W Jin, P Kaaret, M Kertzman, D Kieda, S Kumar, MJ Lang, M Lundy, G Maier, P Moriarty, R Mukherjee, D Nieto, M Nievas-Rosillo, S O’Brien, RA Ong, AN Otte, S Patel, K Pfrang, M Pohl, RR Prado, E Pueschel, J Quinn, K Ragan, PT Reynolds, D Ribeiro, GT Richards, E Roache, C Rulten, JL Ryan, M Santander, GH Sembroski, R Shang, A Weinstein, DA Williams, TJ Williamson, EAVN Collaboration, Tomoya Hirota, Lang Cui, Kotaro Niinuma, Hyunwook Ro, Nobuyuki Sakai, Satoko Sawada-Satoh, Kiyoaki Wajima, Na Wang, Xiang Liu, Yoshinori Yonekura

Calibration of the underground muon detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal of Instrumentation IOP Publishing 16:04 (2021) p04003

Authors:

A Aab, P Abreu, M Aglietta, JM Albury, I Allekotte, A Almela, J Alvarez-Muñiz, R Alves Batista, GA Anastasi, L Anchordoqui, B Andrada, S Andringa, C Aramo, PR Araújo Ferreira, JC Arteaga Velázquez, H Asorey, P Assis, G Avila, AM Badescu, A Bakalova, A Balaceanu, F Barbato, RJ Barreira Luz, KH Becker, JA Bellido, C Berat, ME Bertaina, X Bertou, PL Biermann, T Bister, J Biteau, J Blazek, C Bleve, M Boháčová, D Boncioli, C Bonifazi, L Bonneau Arbeletche, N Borodai, AM Botti, J Brack, T Bretz, PG Brichetto Orchera, FL Briechle, P Buchholz, A Bueno, S Buitink, M Buscemi, KS Caballero-Mora, L Caccianiga, F Canfora, I Caracas, JM Carceller, R Caruso, A Castellina, F Catalani, G Cataldi, L Cazon, M Cerda, JA Chinellato, K Choi, J Chudoba, L Chytka, RW Clay, AC Cobos Cerutti, R Colalillo, A Coleman, MR Coluccia, R Conceição, A Condorelli, G Consolati, F Contreras, F Convenga, D Correia dos Santos, CE Covault, S Dasso, K Daumiller, BR Dawson, JA Day, RM de Almeida, J de Jesús, SJ de Jong, G De Mauro, JRT de Mello Neto, I De Mitri, J de Oliveira, D de Oliveira Franco, F de Palma, V de Souza, E De Vito, M del Río, O Deligny, A Di Matteo, C Dobrigkeit, JC D'Olivo, RC dos Anjos, MT Dova, J Ebr, R Engel, I Epicoco, M Erdmann, CO Escobar, A Etchegoyen, H Falcke, J Farmer, G Farrar, AC Fauth, N Fazzini, F Feldbusch, F Fenu, B Fick, JM Figueira, A Filipčič, T Fodran, MM Freire, T Fujii, A Fuster, C Galea, C Galelli, B García, AL Garcia Vegas, H Gemmeke, F Gesualdi, A Gherghel-Lascu, PL Ghia, U Giaccari, M Giammarchi, M Giller, J Glombitza, F Gobbi, F Gollan, G Golup, M Gómez Berisso, PF Gómez Vitale, JP Gongora, JM González, N González, I Goos, D Góra, A Gorgi, M Gottowik, TD Grubb, F Guarino, GP Guedes, E Guido, S Hahn, P Hamal, MR Hampel, P Hansen, D Harari, VM Harvey, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, GC Hill, C Hojvat, JR Hörandel, P Horvath, M Hrabovský, T Huege, J Hulsman, A Insolia, PG Isar, P Janecek, JA Johnsen, J Jurysek, A Kääpä, KH Kampert, B Keilhauer, J Kemp, HO Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller, M Köpke, N Kunka, BL Lago, RG Lang, N Langner, MA Leigui de Oliveira, V Lenok, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon, D Lo Presti, L Lopes, R López, L Lu, Q Luce, A Lucero, JP Lundquist, A Machado Payeras, G Mancarella, D Mandat, BC Manning, J Manshanden, P Mantsch, S Marafico, AG Mariazzi, IC Mariş, G Marsella, D Martello, H Martinez, O Martínez Bravo, M Mastrodicasa, HJ Mathes, J Matthews, G Matthiae, E Mayotte, PO Mazur, G Medina-Tanco, D Melo, A Menshikov, K-D Merenda, S Michal, MI Micheletti, L Miramonti, S Mollerach, F Montanet, C Morello, M Mostafá, AL Müller, MA Muller, K Mulrey, R Mussa, M Muzio, WM Namasaka, A Nasr-Esfahani, L Nellen, M Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M Niechciol, D Nitz, D Nosek, V Novotny, L Nožka, A Nucita, LA Núñez, M Palatka, J Pallotta, P Papenbreer, G Parente, A Parra, M Pech, F Pedreira, J Pȩkala, R Pelayo, J Peña-Rodriguez, EE Pereira Martins, J Perez Armand, C Pérez Bertolli, M Perlin, L Perrone, S Petrera, T Pierog, M Pimenta, V Pirronello, M Platino, B Pont, M Pothast, P Privitera, M Prouza, A Puyleart, S Querchfeld, J Rautenberg, D Ravignani, M Reininghaus, J Ridky, F Riehn, M Risse, V Rizi, W Rodrigues de Carvalho, J Rodriguez Rojo, MJ Roncoroni, M Roth, E Roulet, AC Rovero, P Ruehl, SJ Saffi, A Saftoiu, F Salamida, H Salazar, G Salina, JD Sanabria Gomez, F Sánchez, EM Santos, E Santos, F Sarazin, R Sarmento, C Sarmiento-Cano, R Sato, P Savina, CM Schäfer, V Scherini, H Schieler, M Schimassek, M Schimp, F Schlüter, D Schmidt, O Scholten, P Schovánek, FG Schröder, S Schröder, J Schulte, SJ Sciutto, M Scornavacche, A Segreto, S Sehgal, RC Shellard, G Sigl, G Silli, O Sima, R Šmída, P Sommers, JF Soriano, J Souchard, R Squartini, M Stadelmaier, D Stanca, S Stanič, J Stasielak, P Stassi, A Streich, M Suárez-Durán, T Sudholz, T Suomijärvi, AD Supanitsky, J Šupík, Z Szadkowski, A Taboada, A Tapia, C Taricco, C Timmermans, O Tkachenko, P Tobiska, CJ Todero Peixoto, B Tomé, A Travaini, P Travnicek, C Trimarelli, M Trini, M Tueros, R Ulrich, M Unger, L Vaclavek, M Vacula, JF Valdés Galicia, L Valore, E Varela, V Varma K.C., A Vásquez-Ramírez, D Veberič, C Ventura, ID Vergara Quispe, V Verzi, J Vicha, J Vink, S Vorobiov, H Wahlberg, C Watanabe, AA Watson, M Weber, A Weindl, L Wiencke, H Wilczyński, T Winchen, M Wirtz, D Wittkowski, B Wundheiler, A Yushkov, O Zapparrata, E Zas, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, L Zehrer, A Zepeda

H.E.S.S. and MAGIC observations of a sudden cessation of a very-high-energy γ-ray flare in PKS 1510−089 in May 2016

Astronomy & Astrophysics EDP Sciences 648 (2021) a23

Authors:

H Abdalla, R Adam, F Aharonian, F Ait Benkhali, EO Angüner, C Arcaro, C Armand, T Armstrong, H Ashkar, M Backes, V Baghmanyan, V Barbosa Martins, A Barnacka, M Barnard, Y Becherini, D Berge, K Bernlöhr, B Bi, M Böttcher, C Boisson, J Bolmont, S Bonnefoy, M de Bony de Lavergne, J Bregeon, M Breuhaus, F Brun, P Brun, M Bryan, M Büchele, T Bulik, T Bylund, S Caroff, A Carosi, S Casanova, T Chand, S Chandra, A Chen, G Cotter, M Curyło, J Damascene Mbarubucyeye, ID Davids, J Davies, C Deil, J Devin, P deWilt, L Dirson, A Djannati-Ataï, A Dmytriiev, A Donath, V Doroshenko, J Dyks, K Egberts, F Eichhorn, S Einecke, G Emery, J-P Ernenwein, K Feijen, S Fegan, A Fiasson, G Fichet de Clairfontaine, M Filipovic, G Fontaine, S Funk, M Füßling, S Gabici, YA Gallant, G Giavitto, L Giunti, D Glawion, JF Glicenstein, D Gottschall, M-H Grondin, J Hahn, M Haupt, G Hermann, JA Hinton, W Hofmann, C Hoischen, TL Holch, M Holler, M Hörbe, D Horns, D Huber, M Jamrozy, D Jankowsky, F Jankowsky, A Jardin-Blicq, V Joshi, I Jung-Richardt, MA Kastendieck, K Katarzyński, U Katz, D Khangulyan, B Khélifi, S Klepser, W Kluźniak, Nu Komin, R Konno, K Kosack, D Kostunin, M Kreter, G Lamanna, A Lemière, M Lemoine-Goumard, J-P Lenain, C Levy, T Lohse, I Lypova, J Mackey, J Majumdar, D Malyshev, D Malyshev, V Marandon, P Marchegiani, A Marcowith, A Mares, G Martí-Devesa, R Marx, G Maurin, PJ Meintjes, M Meyer, AMW Mitchell, R Moderski, M Mohamed, L Mohrmann, A Montanari, C Moore, P Morris, E Moulin, J Muller, T Murach, K Nakashima, A Nayerhoda, M de Naurois, H Ndiyavala, F Niederwanger, J Niemiec, L Oakes, P O’Brien, H Odaka, S Ohm, L Olivera-Nieto, E de Ona Wilhelmi, M Ostrowski, M Panter, S Panny, RD Parsons, G Peron, B Peyaud, Q Piel, S Pita, V Poireau, A Priyana Noel, DA Prokhorov, H Prokoph, G Pühlhofer, M Punch, A Quirrenbach, S Raab, R Rauth, P Reichherzer, A Reimer, O Reimer, Q Remy, M Renaud, F Rieger, L Rinchiuso, C Romoli, G Rowell, B Rudak, E Ruiz-Velasco, V Sahakian, S Sailer, DA Sanchez, A Santangelo, M Sasaki, M Scalici, F Schüssler, HM Schutte, U Schwanke, S Schwemmer, M Seglar-Arroyo, M Senniappan, AS Seyffert, N Shafi, K Shiningayamwe, R Simoni, A Sinha, H Sol, A Specovius, S Spencer, M Spir-Jacob, Ł Stawarz, L Sun, R Steenkamp, C Stegmann, S Steinmassl, C Steppa, T Takahashi, T Tavernier, AM Taylor, R Terrier, D Tiziani, M Tluczykont, L Tomankova, C Trichard, M Tsirou, R Tuffs, Y Uchiyama, DJ van der Walt, C van Eldik, C van Rensburg, B van Soelen, G Vasileiadis, J Veh, C Venter, P Vincent, J Vink, HJ Völk, T Vuillaume, Z Wadiasingh, SJ Wagner, J Watson, F Werner, R White, A Wierzcholska, Yu W Wong, A Yusafzai, M Zacharias, R Zanin, D Zargaryan, AA Zdziarski, A Zech, SJ Zhu, J Zorn, S Zouari, N Żywucka, VA Acciari, S Ansoldi, LA Antonelli, A Arbet Engels, K Asano, D Baack, A Babić, A Baquero, U Barres de Almeida, JA Barrio, J Becerra González, W Bednarek, L Bellizzi, E Bernardini, A Berti, J Besenrieder, W Bhattacharyya, C Bigongiari, A Biland, O Blanch, G Bonnoli, Ž Bošnjak, G Busetto, R Carosi, G Ceribella, M Cerruti, Y Chai, A Chilingarian, S Cikota, SM Colak, U Colin, E Colombo, JL Contreras, J Cortina, S Covino, G D’Amico, V D’Elia, P Da Vela, F Dazzi, A De Angelis, B De Lotto, M Delfino, J Delgado, D Depaoli, F Di Pierro, L Di Venere, E Do Souto Espiñeira, D Dominis Prester, A Donini, D Dorner, M Doro, D Elsaesser, V Fallah Ramazani, A Fattorini, G Ferrara, L Foffano, MV Fonseca, L Font, C Fruck, S Fukami, RJ García López, M Garczarczyk, S Gasparyan, M Gaug, N Giglietto, F Giordano, P Gliwny, N Godinović, D Green, D Hadasch, A Hahn, L Heckmann, J Herrera, J Hoang, D Hrupec, M Hütten, T Inada, S Inoue, K Ishio, Y Iwamura, L Jouvin, Y Kajiwara, M Karjalainen, D Kerszberg, Y Kobayashi, H Kubo, J Kushida, A Lamastra, D Lelas, F Leone, E Lindfors, S Lombardi, F Longo, M López, R López-Coto, A López-Oramas, S Loporchio, B Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C Maggio, P Majumdar, M Makariev, M Mallamaci, G Maneva, M Manganaro, K Mannheim, L Maraschi, M Mariotti, M Martínez, D Mazin, S Mender, S Mićanović, D Miceli, T Miener, M Minev, JM Miranda, R Mirzoyan, E Molina, A Moralejo, D Morcuende, V Moreno, E Moretti, P Munar-Adrover, V Neustroev, C Nigro, K Nilsson, D Ninci, K Nishijima, K Noda, S Nozaki, Y Ohtani, T Oka, J Otero-Santos, M Palatiello, D Paneque, R Paoletti, JM Paredes, L Pavletić, P Peñil, C Perennes, M Persic, PG Prada Moroni, E Prandini, C Priyadarshi, I Puljak, W Rhode, M Ribó, J Rico, C Righi, A Rugliancich, L Saha, N Sahakyan, T Saito, S Sakurai, K Satalecka, B Schleicher, K Schmidt, T Schweizer, J Sitarek, I Šnidarić, D Sobczynska, A Spolon, A Stamerra, D Strom, M Strzys, Y Suda, T Surić, M Takahashi, F Tavecchio, P Temnikov, T Terzić, M Teshima, N Torres-Albà, L Tosti, S Truzzi, J van Scherpenberg, G Vanzo, M Vazquez Acosta, S Ventura, V Verguilov, CF Vigorito, V Vitale, I Vovk, M Will, D Zarić, SG Jorstad, AP Marscher, B Boccardi, C Casadio, J Hodgson, J-Y Kim, TP Krichbaum, A Lähteenmäki, M Tornikoski, E Traianou, ZR Weaver

Measurement of the Fluctuations in the Number of Muons in Extensive Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory.

Physical review letters 126:15 (2021) 152002

Authors:

A Aab, P Abreu, M Aglietta, JM Albury, I Allekotte, A Almela, J Alvarez-Muñiz, R Alves Batista, GA Anastasi, L Anchordoqui, B Andrada, S Andringa, C Aramo, PR Araújo Ferreira, H Asorey, P Assis, G Avila, AM Badescu, A Bakalova, A Balaceanu, F Barbato, RJ Barreira Luz, KH Becker, JA Bellido, C Berat, ME Bertaina, X Bertou, PL Biermann, T Bister, J Biteau, J Blazek, C Bleve, M Boháčová, D Boncioli, C Bonifazi, L Bonneau Arbeletche, N Borodai, AM Botti, J Brack, T Bretz, FL Briechle, P Buchholz, A Bueno, S Buitink, M Buscemi, KS Caballero-Mora, L Caccianiga, A Cancio, F Canfora, I Caracas, JM Carceller, R Caruso, A Castellina, F Catalani, G Cataldi, L Cazon, M Cerda, JA Chinellato, K Choi, J Chudoba, L Chytka, RW Clay, AC Cobos Cerutti, R Colalillo, A Coleman, MR Coluccia, R Conceição, A Condorelli, G Consolati, F Contreras, F Convenga, CE Covault, S Dasso, K Daumiller, BR Dawson, JA Day, RM de Almeida, J de Jesús, SJ de Jong, G De Mauro, JRT de Mello Neto, I De Mitri, J de Oliveira, D de Oliveira Franco, V de Souza, E De Vito, J Debatin, M Del Río, O Deligny, H Dembinski, N Dhital, A Di Matteo, C Dobrigkeit, JC D'Olivo, RC Dos Anjos, MT Dova, J Ebr, R Engel, I Epicoco, M Erdmann, CO Escobar, A Etchegoyen, H Falcke, J Farmer, G Farrar, AC Fauth, N Fazzini, F Feldbusch, F Fenu, B Fick, JM Figueira, A Filipčič, T Fodran, MM Freire, T Fujii, A Fuster, C Galea, C Galelli, B García, AL Garcia Vegas, H Gemmeke, F Gesualdi, A Gherghel-Lascu, PL Ghia, U Giaccari, M Giammarchi, M Giller, J Glombitza, F Gobbi, F Gollan, G Golup, M Gómez Berisso, PF Gómez Vitale, JP Gongora, N González, I Goos, D Góra, A Gorgi, M Gottowik, TD Grubb, F Guarino, GP Guedes, E Guido, S Hahn, R Halliday, MR Hampel, P Hansen, D Harari, VM Harvey, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, GC Hill, C Hojvat, JR Hörandel, P Horvath, M Hrabovský, T Huege, J Hulsman, A Insolia, PG Isar, JA Johnsen, J Jurysek, A Kääpä, KH Kampert, B Keilhauer, J Kemp, HO Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller, M Köpke, G Kukec Mezek, BL Lago, D LaHurd, RG Lang, N Langner, MA Leigui de Oliveira, V Lenok, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon, D Lo Presti, L Lopes, R López, R Lorek, Q Luce, A Lucero, JP Lundquist, A Machado Payeras, G Mancarella, D Mandat, BC Manning, J Manshanden, P Mantsch, S Marafico, AG Mariazzi, IC Mariş, G Marsella, D Martello, H Martinez, O Martínez Bravo, M Mastrodicasa, HJ Mathes, J Matthews, G Matthiae, E Mayotte, PO Mazur, G Medina-Tanco, D Melo, A Menshikov, K-D Merenda, S Michal, MI Micheletti, L Miramonti, S Mollerach, F Montanet, C Morello, M Mostafá, AL Müller, MA Muller, K Mulrey, R Mussa, M Muzio, WM Namasaka, L Nellen, M Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M Niechciol, D Nitz, D Nosek, V Novotny, L Nožka, A Nucita, LA Núñez, M Palatka, J Pallotta, P Papenbreer, G Parente, A Parra, M Pech, F Pedreira, J Pȩkala, R Pelayo, J Peña-Rodriguez, J Perez Armand, M Perlin, L Perrone, S Petrera, T Pierog, M Pimenta, V Pirronello, M Platino, B Pont, M Pothast, P Privitera, M Prouza, A Puyleart, S Querchfeld, J Rautenberg, D Ravignani, M Reininghaus, J Ridky, F Riehn, M Risse, P Ristori, V Rizi, W Rodrigues de Carvalho, J Rodriguez Rojo, MJ Roncoroni, M Roth, E Roulet, AC Rovero, P Ruehl, SJ Saffi, A Saftoiu, F Salamida, H Salazar, G Salina, JD Sanabria Gomez, F Sánchez, EM Santos, E Santos, F Sarazin, R Sarmento, C Sarmiento-Cano, R Sato, P Savina, CM Schäfer, V Scherini, H Schieler, M Schimassek, M Schimp, F Schlüter, D Schmidt, O Scholten, P Schovánek, FG Schröder, S Schröder, J Schulte, SJ Sciutto, M Scornavacche, RC Shellard, G Sigl, G Silli, O Sima, R Šmída, P Sommers, JF Soriano, J Souchard, R Squartini, M Stadelmaier, D Stanca, S Stanič, J Stasielak, P Stassi, A Streich, M Suárez-Durán, T Sudholz, T Suomijärvi, AD Supanitsky, J Šupík, Z Szadkowski, A Taboada, A Tapia, C Timmermans, O Tkachenko, P Tobiska, CJ Todero Peixoto, B Tomé, G Torralba Elipe, A Travaini, P Travnicek, C Trimarelli, M Trini, M Tueros, R Ulrich, M Unger, L Vaclavek, M Vacula, JF Valdés Galicia, I Valiño, L Valore, E Varela, V Varma K C, A Vásquez-Ramírez, D Veberič, C Ventura, ID Vergara Quispe, V Verzi, J Vicha, J Vink, S Vorobiov, H Wahlberg, AA Watson, M Weber, A Weindl, L Wiencke, H Wilczyński, T Winchen, M Wirtz, D Wittkowski, B Wundheiler, A Yushkov, O Zapparrata, E Zas, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, L Zehrer, A Zepeda, Pierre Auger Collaboration

Abstract:

We present the first measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers produced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We find that the measured fluctuations are in good agreement with predictions from air shower simulations. This observation provides new insights into the origin of the previously reported deficit of muons in air shower simulations and constrains models of hadronic interactions at ultrahigh energies. Our measurement is compatible with the muon deficit originating from small deviations in the predictions from hadronic interaction models of particle production that accumulate as the showers develop.