Planetary surfaces

Abstract:

We analyze two sets of observations of Dione's co-orbital satellite Helene taken by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). The first observation was a CIRS FP3 (600 to 1100 cm−1, 9.1 to 16.7 μm) stare of Helene's trailing hemisphere, where two of the ten FP3 pixels were filled. The daytime surface temperatures derived from these observations were 83.3 ± 0.9 K and 88.8 ± 0.8 K at local times 223° to 288° and 180° to 238° respectively. When these temperatures were compared to a 1-D thermophysical model only albedos between 0.25 and 0.70 were able to fit the data, with a mean and standard deviation of 0.43 ± 0.12. All thermal inertias tested between 1 and 2000 J m−2 K−1 s-1/2 could fit the data (i.e. thermal inertia was not constrained). The second observation analyzed was a FP3 and FP4 (1100 to 1400 cm−1, 7.1 to 9.1 μm) scan of Helene's leading hemisphere. Temperatures between 77 and 89 K were observed with FP3, with a typical error between 5 and 10 K. The surface temperatures derived from FP4 were higher, between 98 and 106 K, but with much larger errors (between 10 and 30 K) and thus the FP3- and FP4-derived temperature largely agree within their uncertainty. Dione's disk-integrated bolometric Bond albedos have been found to be between 0.63 ± 0.15 (Howett et al. 2010) and 0.44 ± 0.13 (Howett et al. 2014). Thus Helene may be darker than Dione, which is the opposite of the trend found at shorter wavelengths (c.f. Hedman et al. 2020; Royer et al., 2021). However few conclusions can be drawn since the albedos of Dione and Helene agree within their uncertainty.

Abstract:

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the main product of CO2 photolysis in the Martian atmosphere. Production of CO is balanced by its loss reaction with OH, which recycles CO into CO2. CO is therefore a sensitive tracer of the OH-catalysed chemistry that contributes to the stability of CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars. To date, CO has been measured only in terms of vertically integrated column abundances, and the upper atmosphere, where CO is produced, is largely unconstrained by observations. Here we report vertical profiles of CO from 10 to 120 km, and from a broad range of latitudes, inferred from the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. At solar longitudes 164–190°, we observe an equatorial CO mixing ratio of ~1,000 ppmv (10–80 km), increasing towards the polar regions to more than 3,000 ppmv under the influence of downward transport of CO from the upper atmosphere, providing a view of the Hadley cell circulation at Mars’s equinox. Observations also cover the 2018 global dust storm, during which we observe a prominent depletion in the CO mixing ratio up to 100 km. This is indicative of increased CO oxidation in a context of unusually large high-altitude water vapour, boosting OH abundance.