Quantum spin dynamics

Abstract:

Worker wages represent a critical dimension of labor rights, encompassing all forms of remuneration arising from employment contracts. Given the inherent power imbalance between employers and employees, there exists an ongoing concern that employers, driven by the desire to minimize operational costs, may offer unjust wages to workers. Consequently, various frameworks are employed across societies to establish minimum wage standards. Social security stands as a fundamental indicator of the welfare levels of workers and vulnerable populations, providing a vital criterion for evaluating public satisfaction with governance. This research employs library resources, alongside descriptive-analytical and comparative approaches, to examine the relevant laws and documents within the national legal frameworks of Iran and Canada, as well as pertinent international instruments. The findings, based on the study's hypotheses, suggest that the systems governing equality in rights within Iran and Canada, as well as in international documents, emphasize the right to receive insurance benefits and secure employment as foundational elements of equality rights. Furthermore, the domains of relief and support serve to enhance these foundational structures.

Abstract:

Bulk bismuth has a complex Landau spectrum. The small effective masses and the large g-factors are anisotropic. The chemical potential drifts at high magnetic fields. Moreover, twin boundaries further complexify the interpretation of the data by producing extra anomalies in the extreme quantum limit. Here, we present a study of angle dependence of magnetoresistance up to 65 T in bismuth complemented with Nernst, ultrasound, and magneto-optic data. All observed anomalies can be explained in a single-particle picture of a sample consisting of two twinned crystals tilted by 108° and with two adjacent crystals keeping their own chemical potentials despite a shift between chemical potentials as large as 68 meV at 65 T. This implies an energy barrier between adjacent twinned crystals reminiscent of a metal- semiconductor Schottky barrier or a p-n junction. We argue that this barrier is built by accumulating charge carriers of opposite signs across a twin boundary.