Dr Plamen Ivanov

Abstract:

Abstract This work investigates the nonlinear transition to large heat fluxes observed in local gyrokinetic (GK) simulations of electromagnetic (EM) turbulence in STEP (Meyer 2024 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 382 20230406). Using the stress-balance framework of (Zhang et al 2026 J. Plasma Phys. ) we confirm that the onset of extreme transport correlates with a critical value of q 2 β e , where q is the safety factor and β e is the ratio of electron thermal pressure to magnetic pressure, and relate this to a limit on the poloidal beta β pol . Crucially, this critical value lies below any relevant linear stability limit in the ( q , β e ) space (e.g. the onset of ideal or kinetic ballooning modes). Using an extensive set of nonlinear GK simulations, we demonstrate that the transition to large fluxes in STEP is governed by a balance between the electrostatic and magnetic-flutter stresses. We argue, and also show numerically, that larger-major-radius tokamaks reach the EM non-zonal regime at lower β e , making this MHD-controlled saturation limit more accessible in reactor-scale devices than in small spherical tokamaks. We also demonstrate that access to a second-stable regime enables re-saturation at larger values of β ′ . We further show that the ideal ballooning mode (IBM) threshold serves as a useful proxy for delineating this second-stable region and also tracks the onset of large fluxes. These results provide a predictive framework for identifying no-go zone predictions from local GKs and offer new insight into the EM saturation physics relevant to STEP and other high- β e devices.

Abstract:

Curvature-driven instabilities are ubiquitous in magnetised fusion plasmas. By analysing the conservation laws of the gyrokinetic system of equations, we demonstrate that the well-known spatial localisation of these instabilities to regions of ‘bad magnetic curvature’ can be explained using the conservation law for a sign-indefinite quadratic quantity that we call the gyrokinetic field invariant. Its evolution equation allows us to define the local effective magnetic curvature whose sign demarcates the regions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ curvature, which, under some additional simplifying assumptions, can be shown to correspond to the inboard (high-field) and outboard (low-field) sides of a tokamak plasma, respectively. We find that, given some reasonable assumptions, electrostatic curvature-driven modes are always localised to the regions of bad magnetic curvature, regardless of the specific character of the instability. More importantly, we also deduce that any mode that is unstable in the region of good magnetic curvature must be electromagnetic in nature. As a concrete example, we present the magnetic-drift mode, a novel good-curvature electromagnetic instability, and compare its properties with the well-known electron-temperature-gradient instability. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the magnetic drift mode for high- fusion plasmas, and in particular its relationship with microtearing modes.