Cosmology

Abstract:

Abstract We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low redshift surveys, retraining the SALT3 light curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises ∼1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and ∼200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain Ωm = 0.330 ± 0.015 in Flat ΛCDM which changes Ωm by −0.022 compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with CMB data from Planck, ACT and SPT and the DESI DR2 measurements in a Flat w0waCDM cosmology, we find w0 = −0.803 ± 0.054, wa = −0.72 ± 0.21. Our results hold a significance of 3.2σ, reduced from 4.2σ for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the Flat w0waCDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.

Abstract:

Dark matter haloes are typically characterized by radial density profiles with fixed forms motivated by simulations (e.g. Navarro-Frenk-White [NFW]). However, simulation predictions depend on uncertain dark matter physics and baryonic modelling. Here, we present a method to constrain halo density profiles directly from observations using Exhaustive Symbolic Regression (ESR), a technique that searches the space of analytic expressions for the function that best balances accuracy and simplicity for a given dataset. We test the approach on mock weak lensing excess surface density (ESD) data of synthetic clusters with NFW profiles. Motivated by real data, we assign each ESD data point a constant fractional uncertainty and vary this uncertainty and the number of clusters to probe how data precision and sample size affect model selection. For fractional errors around 5%, ESR recovers the NFW profile even from samples as small as approximately 20 clusters. At higher uncertainties representative of current surveys, simpler functions are favoured over NFW, though it remains competitive. This preference arises because weak lensing errors are smallest in the outskirts, causing the fits to be dominated by the outer profile. ESR therefore provides a robust, simulation-independent framework both for testing mass models and determining which features of a halo's density profile are genuinely constrained by the data. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Symbolic regression in the physical sciences'.

Abstract:

Physics seeks to uncover the laws of Nature and express them through mathematical equations . Despite the vast diversity of natural phenomena, physical equations exhibit structural regularities that set them apart from arbitrary mathematical expressions. While principles such as dimensional analysis have long guided the formulation of physical models, the exploration of more subtle statistical patterns within the equations of physics remains an open question. Here, by analysing four corpora of physics equations and applying advanced implicit-likelihood techniques, we find that the frequency of mathematical operators follows an exponential decay law, in contrast to Zipf's power law for word frequencies in natural languages. This reveals a statistical meta-law of physics, possibly reflecting a combination of communication efficiency and constraints imposed by Nature itself. The meta-law offers practical benefits for symbolic regression by drastically narrowing down the space of physically plausible expressions. More broadly, it may inform the development of language models that can generate coherent mathematical representations, advancing the automation of physical law discovery. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Symbolic regression in the physical sciences'.

Abstract:

In cosmology, emulators play a crucial role by providing fast and accurate predictions of complex physical models, enabling efficient exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces that would be computationally prohibitive with direct numerical simulations. Symbolic emulators have emerged as promising alternatives to numerical approaches, delivering comparable accuracy with significantly faster evaluation times. While previous symbolic emulators were limited to relatively narrow prior ranges, we expand these to cover the parameter space relevant for current cosmological analyses. We introduce approximations to hypergeometric functions used for the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) comoving distance and linear growth factor which are accurate to better than 0.001% and 0.05%, respectively, for all redshifts and for Ωm∈[0.1,0.5]. We show that integrating symbolic emulators into a Dark Energy Survey Year 1 (DES-Y1)-like 3×2 pt analysis produces cosmological constraints consistent with those obtained using standard numerical methods. Our symbolic emulators offer substantial improvements in speed and memory usage, demonstrating their practical potential for scalable, likelihood-based inference. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Symbolic regression in the physical sciences'.

Abstract:

Abstract We demonstrate the efficacy of symbolic regression (SR) to probe models of particle physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM), by considering the so-called Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (CMSSM). Like many incarnations of BSM physics this model has a number (four) of arbitrary parameters, which determine the experimental signals, and cosmological observables such as the dark matter relic density. We show that analysis of the phenomenology can be greatly accelerated by using symbolic expressions derived for the observables in terms of the input parameters. Here we focus on the Higgs mass, the cold dark matter relic density and the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. We find that SR can produce remarkably accurate expressions. Using them we make global fits to derive the posterior probability densities of the CMSSM input parameters which are in good agreement with those performed using conventional methods. Moreover, we demonstrate a major advantage of SR, which is the ability to make fits using differentiable methods rather than sampling methods. We also compare the method with neural network (NN) regression. SR produces more globally robust results, while NNs require data that is focused on the promising regions in order to be equally performant. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Symbolic regression in the physical sciences’.