Cosmology

Abstract:

Abstract Deep radio continuum surveys provide fundamental constraints on galaxy evolution, but source confusion limits sensitivity to the faintest sources. We present a complete framework for producing high-fidelity deblended radio catalogues from the confused MIGHTEE maps using the probabilistic deblending framework XID+ and prior positions from deep multi-wavelength data in the COSMOS field. To assess performance, we construct MIGHTEE-like simulations based on the Tiered Radio Extragalactic Continuum Simulation (T-RECS) radio source population, ensuring a realistic distribution of star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) for validation. Through these simulations, we show that prior catalogue purity is the dominant factor controlling deblending accuracy: a high-purity prior, containing only sources with a high likelihood of radio detection, recovers accurate flux densities and reproduces input source counts down to ~3σ (where σ = thermal noise). On the other hand, a complete prior overestimates the source counts due to spurious detections. Our optimal strategy combines the high-purity prior with a mask that removes sources detected above 50 μJy. Applied to the ~1.3 deg2 area of the MIGHTEE-COSMOS field defined by overlapping multi-wavelength data, this procedure yields a deblended catalogue of 89,562 sources. The derived 1.4 GHz source counts agree with independent P(D) analyses and indicate that we resolve the radio background to ~4.8 μJy. We also define a recommended high-fidelity sample of 20,757 sources, based on detection significance, flux density, and goodness-of-fit, which provides reliable flux densities for individual sources in the confusion-limited regime.

Abstract:

Context. It is well known that star-forming galaxies (SFGs) exhibit a tight correlation between their radio and infrared emissions, commonly referred to as the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC). Recent empirical studies have reported a dependence of the IRRC on the galaxy stellar mass, in which more massive galaxies tend to show lower infrared-to-radio ratios ( q IR ) with respect to less massive galaxies. One possible, yet unexplored, explanation is a residual contamination of the radio emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs), not captured through “radio-excess” diagnostics. Aims. To investigate this hypothesis, we aim to statistically quantify the contribution of AGN emission to the radio luminosities of SFGs located within the scatter of the IRRC. Methods. Our Very Large Baseline Array (VLBA) AGN-sCAN program has targeted 500 galaxies that follow the q IR distribution of the IRRC, i.e., with no prior evidence for radio-excess AGN emission based on low-resolution (∼arcsec) VLA radio imaging. Our VLBA 1.4 GHz observations reach a 5 σ sensitivity limit of 25 μJy/beam, corresponding to a radio-brightness temperature of T b  ∼ 10 5 K. This classification serves as a robust AGN diagnostic, regardless of the host galaxy’s star formation rate. Results. We detect four VLBA sources in the deepest regions, which are also the faintest VLBI-detected AGNs in SFGs to date. The effective AGN detection rate is 9%, when considering a control sample matched in mass and sensitivity, which is in good agreement with the extrapolation of previous radio AGN number counts. Despite the non-negligible AGN flux contamination (∼30%) in our individual VLBA detections, we find that the peak of the q IR distribution is completely unaffected by this correction. Although we cannot rule out a high incidence of radio-silent AGNs at (sub)μJy levels among the VLBA non-detections, we derive a conservative upper limit of < 0.1 dex of their cumulative impact on the q IR distribution. We conclude that residual AGN contamination from non-radio-excess AGNs is unlikely to be the primary driver of the M ★ – dependent IRRC.

Abstract:

Abstract We explore how the fraction of red (quenched) galaxies varies in the dwarf galaxy regime (107 M⊙ < M⋆ < 109.5 M⊙), using a mass-complete sample of ∼5900 dwarfs at z < 0.15, constructed using deep multi-wavelength data in the COSMOS field. The red fraction decreases steadily until M⋆ ∼ 108.5 M⊙ and then increases again towards lower stellar masses. This ‘U’ shape demonstrates that the traditional notion of ‘downsizing’ (i.e. that progressively lower mass galaxies maintain star formation until later epochs) is incorrect – downsizing does not continue uninterrupted into the dwarf regime. The U shape persists regardless of environment, indicating that it is driven by internal processes rather than external environment-driven mechanisms. Our results suggest that, at M⋆ ≲ 108 M⊙, the quenching of star formation is dominated by supernova (SN) feedback and becomes more effective with decreasing stellar mass, as the potential well becomes shallower. At M⋆ ≳ 109 M⊙, the quenching is driven by a mix of SN feedback and AGN feedback (which becomes more effective with increasing stellar mass, as central black holes become more massive). The processes that quench star formation are least effective in the range 108 M⊙ < M⋆ < 109 M⊙, likely because the potential well is deep enough to weaken the impact of SN feedback, while the effect of AGN feedback is still insignificant. The cosmological simulations tested here do not match the details of how the red fraction varies as a function of stellar mass – we propose that the red fraction vs stellar mass relation (particularly in the dwarf regime) is a powerful calibrator for the processes that regulate star formation in galaxy formation models.

Abstract:

Compact objects evolving in an astrophysical environment experience a gravitational drag force known as dynamical friction. We present a multipole-frequency decomposition to evaluate the orbit-averaged energy and angular momentum dissipation experienced by point masses on periodic orbits within a homogeneous, fluidlike background. Our focus is on eccentric Keplerian trajectories. Although our approach is currently restricted to linear response theory, it is fully consistent within that framework. We validate our theoretical expressions for the specific case of an ideal fluid, using semi-numerical simulations of the linear response acoustic wake. We demonstrate that, for a finite-time perturbation switched on at t=0, a steady dissipation state is reached after a time bounded by twice the sound crossing time of the apocenter distance. We apply our results to model the secular evolution of compact eccentric binaries in a gaseous medium, assuming low-density conditions where the orbital elements evolve adiabatically. For unequal-mass systems with moderate initial eccentricity, the late-time eccentricity growth is significantly delayed compared to the equal-mass case, due to the binary components becoming transonic at different times along their orbital trajectory. Our approach offers a computationally efficient alternative to full simulations of the linear response wake.

Abstract:

The interaction of gravitational waves (GWs) with matter is thought to be typically negligible in the Universe. We identify an exception in the case of resonant interactions, where GWs emitted by a background binary system, such as an inspiraling supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary, cause a resonant response in a stellar-mass foreground binary and the frequencies of the two systems become, and remain, synchronized. We point out that this previously unexplored dynamical phenomenon is not only possible, but can lead to $\mathcal{O}(30)$ binary systems becoming resonantly locked in the host galaxy of merging SMBHs of mass ${10}^{8.5-11}{M}_{\odot }$ , each of which has a significantly reduced merger time. We predict $\mathcal{O}({10}^{10})$ binary systems have been locked in the Universe’s history. Resonant locking could be detected through anomalous inspiral of binary systems.