Cosmology

Abstract:

A recently proposed algorithm identifies voids in simulations as the regions associated with haloes when the initial overdensity field is negated. We apply this method to the real Universe by running a suite of constrained simulations of the 2M++ volume with initial conditions inferred by the BORG algorithm, along with the corresponding inverted set. Our 101 inverted and uninverted simulations, spanning the BORG posterior, each identify ∼150 000 ‘voids as antihaloes’ with mass exceeding 4.38 × 1011 M⊙ (100 particles) at z = 0 in a full-sky sphere of radius 155 Mpc h−1 around the Milky Way. We calculate the size function, volume filling fraction, ellipticity, central density, specific angular momentum, clustering, and stacked density profile of the voids, and cross-correlate them with those produced by VIDE on the same simulations. We make our antihalo and VIDE catalogues publicly available.

Abstract:

ALMA observations of z > 6 galaxies hav e rev ealed abnormally high [O III ] 88 μm /[C II ] 158 μm ratios and [C II ] 158 μm deficits compared to local galaxies. The origin of this behaviour is unknown. Numerous solutions have been proposed including differences in C and O abundance ratios, observational bias, and differences in ISM properties, including ionization parameter, gas density, or photodissociation region (PDR) covering fraction. In order to elucidate the underlying physics that drives this high- redshift phenomenon, we employ SPHINX 20 , a state-of-the-art, cosmological radiation-hydrodynamics simulation, that resolves detailed ISM properties of thousands of galaxies in the epoch of reionization which has been post-processed with CLOUDY to predict emission lines. We find that the observed z > 6 [O III ] 88 μm -SFR and [C II ] 158 μm -SFR relations can only be reproduced when the C/O abundance ratio is ∼8 ×lower than Solar and the total metal production is ∼4 ×higher than that of a Kroupa IMF. This implies that high-redshift galaxies are potentially primarily enriched by low-metallicity core-collapse supernovae with a more top-heavy IMF. As AGB stars and type-Ia supernova begin to contribute to the galaxy metallicity, both the [C II ] 158 μm -SFR and [C II ] 158 μm luminosity functions are predicted to converge to observed values at z ∼4.5. While we demonstrate that ionization parameter, LyC escape fraction, ISM gas density, and CMB attenuation all drive galaxies towards higher [O III ] 88 μm /[C II ] 158 μm , observed values at z > 6 can only be reproduced with substantially lower C/O abundances compared to Solar. The combination of [C II ] 158 μm and [O III ] 88 μm can be used to predict the values of ionization parameter, ISM gas density, and LyC escape fraction and we provide estimates of these quantities for nine observed z > 6 galaxies. Finally, we demonstrate that [O I ] 63 μm can be used as a replacement for [C II ] 158 μm in high-redshift galaxies where [C II ] 158 μm is unobserved and argue that more observation time should be used to target [O I ] 63 μm at z > 6. Future simulations will be needed to self-consistently address the numerous uncertainties surrounding a varying IMF at high redshift and the associated metal returns.