Exoplanet atmospheres

Abstract:

The understanding of the composition and cloud structure has advanced greatly in the last few years and in particular was greatly improved upon following the highly successful Pioneer and Voyager missions to that planet. Recently the Galileo spacecraft has gone into orbit about Jupiter and its remote sensing instruments, including the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) and the Solid State Imager (SSI), have yielded exciting new details of the spatial and vertical structure of the Jovian clouds and volatiles. At the same time Galileo's entry probe has made the first ever in situ measurements of conditions in the atmosphere. Recent ground-based observations have also added to the body of evidence from which conditions in the Jovian atmosphere may be inferred. This paper aims to review the current understanding of the composition and cloud structure of Jupiter's atmosphere in the light of the new Galileo results and recent ground-based, and earth-orbiting telescope observations.

Abstract:

The highly organized and brightly coloured cloud structure on the nearest and largest gas giant planet Jupiter has been explored by the Galileo orbiter/probe project, which completed its nominal mission in December 1997. At least four and possibly as many as six distinct layers of haze or cloud, of different composition and at different depths, appear to contribute to the external appearance of the planet at low and mid-latitudes. A model of the properties of these clouds has been developed from the various data and theoretical constrains. Aspects of the global and time variability of the cloud structure, and its coupling with dynamical systems like the Great Red Spot, are also becoming clearer, allowing speculation about their nature and origins. Analyses of the full four-year data set, some of which is still to be acquired, will add further details of the meteorological behaviour of Jupiter's atmosphere.

Abstract:

The technique of integral field spectroscopy,: which provides simultaneous spectra for each pixel of a contiguous two-dimensional field of view, holds tremendous promise for improving our ability to study circumstellar environments. The technique becomes especially important at near infrared wavelengths, where rapid changes in the night sky background level limit the use of standard scanning techniques. In addition, combining the capabilities of adaptive optics systems with near infrared integral field spectrographs provides an unique way to enhance-spatial resolution for ground based observations. We present the technique of integral field spectroscopy, with special emphasis on the near infrared, and illustrate future developments by describing SINFONI, an adaptive optics assisted near infrared integral field spectrometer for the ESO VLT.

Abstract:

In its first two years of operation since arrival at Jupiter in December 1995, the Near Infrared Mapping spectrometer (NIMS) on the Galileo orbiter spacecraft obtained extensive coverage of the planet, including detailed coverage of the north equatorial belt (NEB) 'hot spot' region and the Great Red Spot. We will present the current state of data analysis including recent results on the abundances and variability of several minor constituents (H2O, CH4, NH3, GeH4, CH3D and PH3) and the cloud structure and morphology. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.