Exoplanets and Stellar Physics

Abstract:

We present an optical to near-infrared transmission spectrum of the hot JupiterHAT-P-1b, based on Hubble Space Telescope observations, covering the spectral regime from 0.29 to 1.027μm with Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), which is coupled with a recent Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) transit (1.087 to 1.687μm). We derive refined physical parameters of the HAT-P-1 system, including an improved orbital ephemeris. The transmission spectrum shows a strong absorption signature shortward of 0.55μm, with a strong blueward slope into the near-ultraviolet. We detect atmospheric sodium absorption at a 3.3σ significance level, but find no evidence for the potassium feature. The red data imply a marginally flat spectrum with a tentative absorption enhancement at wavelength longer than ~0.85μm. The STIS and WFC3 spectra differ significantly in absolute radius level (4.3 ± 1.6 pressure scaleheights), implying strong optical absorption in the atmosphere of HAT-P-1b. The optical to near-infrared difference cannot be explained by stellar activity, as simultaneous stellar activity monitoring of the G0V HAT-P-1b host star and its identical companion show no significant activity that could explain the result. We compare the complete STIS and WFC3 transmission spectrum with theoretical atmospheric models which include haze, sodium and an extra optical absorber. We find that both an optical absorber and a supersolar sodium to water abundance ratio might be a scenario explaining the HAT-P-1b observations. Our results suggest that strong optical absorbers may be a dominant atmospheric feature in some hot Jupiter exoplanets. © 2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Abstract:

With the first ELTs around the corner it is becoming ever more important to determine observational strategies and assess the prospective success of observing programs prior to making the observations. To this end, scientific simulations need to become more refined to understand the criteria required for a specific science case. We address the science simulations for HARMONI, an AO assisted first light integral field spectrograph (IFS) for the E-ELT. AO point spread functions (PSFs) vary markedly as a function of wavelength and type of AO system used, so there is need to create detailed PSFs across all IFS wavelength channels for accurate simulations. Detailed AO simulations have shown that for LTAO on the E-ELT, Strehl ratios can vary from 0.5% in V-band up to 75% in K-band. Using a single PSF for an entire datacube (especially with large instantaneous wavelength coverage) could introduce misleading features into simulated observations using HARMONI. We have developed a method to parameterise detailed PSFs using analytical models, which can then be interpolated as a function of wavelength. This allows us to create accurate, but computationally inexpensive, AO PSF datacubes for HARMONI simulations. This shall be developed to cover LTAO, SCAO and GLAO/no-AO PSFs.

Abstract:

We report Gemini-North Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph observations of the inflated hot Jupiter HAT-P-32b during two primary transits. We simultaneously observed two comparison stars and used differential spectrophotometry to produce multiwavelength light curves. 'White' light curves and 29 'spectral' light curves were extracted for each transit and analysed to refine the system parameters and produce transmission spectra from 520 to 930 nm in ̃ 14 nm bins. The light curves contain time-varyingwhite noise as well as time-correlated noise, and we used a Gaussian process model to fit this complex noise model. Common mode corrections derived from the white light-curve fits were applied to the spectral light curves which significantly improved our precision, reaching typical uncertainties in the transit depth of ̃ 2 × 10-4, corresponding to about half a pressure scale height. The low-resolution transmission spectra are consistent with a featureless model, and we can confidently rule out broad features larger than about one scale height. The absence of Na/K wings or prominent TiO/VO features is most easily explained by grey absorption from clouds in the upper atmosphere, masking the spectral features. However, we cannot confidently rule out clear atmosphere models with low abundances (̃ 10-3 solar) of TiO, VO or even metal hydrides masking the Na and K wings. A smaller scale height or ionization could also contribute to muted spectral features, but alone are unable to account for the absence of features reported here ©2013 The Authors.

Abstract:

The hot jupiter hd 189733b is the most extensively observed exoplanet. its atmosphere has been detected and characterized in transmission and eclipse spectroscopy, and its phase curve measured at several wavelengths. this paper brings together the results of our campaign to obtain the complete transmission spectrum of the atmosphere of this planet from uv to infrared with the hubble space telescope, using the stis, acs and wfc3 instruments. we provide a new tabulation of the transmission spectrum across the entire visible and infrared range. the radius ratio in each wavelength band was re-derived, where necessary, to ensure a consistent treatment of the bulk transit parameters and stellar limb darkening. special care was taken to correct for, and derive realistic estimates of the uncertainties due to, both occulted and unocculted star spots. the combined spectrum is very different from the predictions of cloud-free models for hot jupiters: it is dominated by rayleigh scattering over the whole visible and near-infrared range, the only detected features being narrow sodium and potassium lines. we interpret this as the signature of a haze of condensate grains extending over at least five scaleheights. we show that a dust-dominated atmosphere could also explain several puzzling features of the emission spectrum and phase curves, including the large amplitude of the phase curve at 3.6 μm, the small hotspot longitude shift and the hot mid-infrared emission spectrum. we discuss possible compositions and derive some first-order estimates for the properties of the putative condensate haze/clouds. we finish by speculating that the dichotomy between the two observationally defined classes of hot jupiter atmospheres, of which hd 189733b and hd 209458b are the prototypes, might not be whether they possess a temperature inversion, but whether they are clear or dusty. we also consider the possibility of a continuum of cloud properties between hot jupiters, young jupiters and l-type brown dwarfs. © 2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Abstract:

Aims. The Antarctica Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) program was originally aimed at probing the quality of the Dome C, Antarctica for the discovery and characterization of exoplanets by photometry. In the first year of operation of the 40 cm ASTEP 400 telescope (austral winter 2010), we targeted the known transiting planet WASP-19b in order to try to detect its secondary transits in the visible. This is made possible by the excellent sub-millimagnitude precision of the binned data. Methods. The WASP-19 system was observed during 24 nights in May 2010. Once brought back from Antarctica, the data were processed using various methods, and the best results were with an implementation of the optimal image subtraction (OIS) algorithm. Results. The photometric variability level due to starspots is about 1.8% (peak-to-peak), in line with the SuperWASP data from 2007 (1.4%) and higher than in 2008 (0.07%). We find a rotation period of WASP-19 of 10.7 ± 0.5 days, in agreement with the SuperWASP determination of 10.5 ± 0.2 days. Theoretical models show that this can only be explained if tidal dissipation in the star is weak, i.e. the tidal dissipation factor Q'ẫ... > 3×107. Separately, we find evidence of a secondary eclipse of depth 390 ± 190 ppm with a 2.0σ significance, a phase that is consistent with a circular orbit and a 3% false positive probability. Given the wavelength range of the observations (420 to 950 nm), the secondary transit depth translates into a day-side brightness temperature of 2690 -220+150 K, in line with measurements in the z′ and K bands. The day-side emission observed in the visible could be due either to thermal emission of an extremely hot day side with very little redistribution of heat to the night side or to direct reflection of stellar light with a maximum geometrical albedo Ag = 0.27 ± 0.13. We also report a low-frequency oscillation in phase at the planet orbital period, but with a lower limit amplitude that could not be attributed to the planet phase alone and that was possibly contaminated with residual lightcurve trends. Conclusions. This first evidence of a secondary eclipse in the visible from the ground demonstrates the high potential of Dome C, Antarctica, for continuous photometric observations of stars with exoplanets. These continuous observations are required to understand star-planet interactions and the dynamical properties of exoplanetary atmospheres. © 2013 ESO.