Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2024 data for Italy and the United Kingdom, this study examines how gender gaps in entrepreneurial perceptions, measured as perceived entrepreneurial skills and fear of failure, vary across age and education within contrasting institutional regimes. Drawing on a life‐course institutional framework, we test whether cumulative disadvantage and institutional moderation shape gendered perceptual trajectories differently in a coordinated market economy (Italy) and a liberal market economy (United Kingdom). Across both countries, men report higher perceived entrepreneurial skills and lower fear of failure, but patterns diverge over the life course. In the United Kingdom, gender gaps tend to narrow with age, whereas in Italy they persist or widen, particularly among highly educated individuals approaching retirement. Although sustainability orientation is not directly measured, the findings suggest that institutionally shaped gender gaps may indirectly influence inclusive participation in entrepreneurial ecosystems. These results highlight the importance of institutional flexibility and second‐chance norms in shaping gendered access to entrepreneurial activity.

Abstract:

Despite its proximity, the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the spiral galaxy M81 (NGC 3031) has remained a subject of discussion, with doubts previously cast on the reliability of available dynamical measurements. We present the first robust stellar-dynamics measurement of its mass using high-resolution, two-dimensional kinematics from JWST/NIRSpec observations of the central 3″ × 3″. By tracing stellar motions in the near-infrared, our data penetrate the obscuring nuclear dust and allow for the separation of stellar light from the nonthermal AGN continuum. We modeled the kinematics using the Jeans anisotropic modelling method. Rather than relying on a standard Bayesian approach for error estimation, we constructed a suite of 24 independent models, each employing a unique combination of different physical assumptions regarding stellar mass-to-light (M/L) ratio gradients, the point-spread function, the masking of the central active galactic nucleus, and the orientation of the velocity ellipsoid. This ensemble approach allows us to robustly account for the impact of systematic uncertainties. To estimate our systematic uncertainties, we performed a bootstrap of the MBH values derived from these 24 models, thereby incorporating the variance between different physical assumptions. Our analysis yields a precise SMBH mass of MBH = (4.77 ± 0.37) × 107 M⊙ (1σ confidence, including systematic and statistical uncertainties). This result is consistent with previous determinations within their uncertainties, while providing a crucial and highly reliable anchor point for SMBH–galaxy scaling relations in spiral galaxies.

Abstract:

We present the fourth data release of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), providing deep spectroscopic observations in the two GOODS fields. A companion paper presents the target selection, spectroscopic redshifts and success rates, and in this paper, we discuss the data reduction and present emission-line flux measurements. The spectroscopy in this work consists of medium-depth, deep, and ultradeep NIRSpec/MSA spectra of 5190 targets, covering the spectral range m and observed with both the low-dispersion prism () and all three medium-resolution gratings (). We describe the data reduction, analysis and description of the data products included in this data release. In total, we measured 3297 robust redshifts out of 5190 targets, spanning a redshift range from up to , including 974 at . This data release includes 1D and 2D fully reduced spectra with 3- and 5-pixel extractions, with slit-loss corrections and background subtraction optimized for point sources. Furthermore, we provide redshifts and SNR > 5 emission-line flux catalogues for the prism and grating spectra, as well as new guidelines to use these data products. Lastly, we are launching a new JADES online data base, designed to enable quick selection and browsing of this data release. Altogether, these data provide the largest statistical sample to date including both PRISM and medium grating spectra across full NIRSpec wavelength range to characterize the properties of galaxy populations across cosmic time.