Hintze Centre for Astrophysical Surveys

Abstract:

We present a sample of large double radio sources hosted by spiral galaxies (spiral double radio active galactic nuclei, SDRAGNs). Candidates were initially selected through the Radio Galaxy Zoo project and subsequently refined using Sloan Digital Sky Survey images. The most promising were targeted in the Zoo Gems Hubble Space Telescope (HST) program, yielding images for 36 candidates. We assess the likelihood that each spiral galaxy is the genuine host of the radio emission, finding 15 new high-probability SDRAGNs. The hosts are seen preferentially close to edge-on. SDRAGNs predominantly show type II Fanaroff–Riley (FR II) radio structures and optical pseudobulges. After accounting for sample selection effects, the radio-jet axes lie preferentially near the poles of the galactic disks; we find a constant probability distribution for intrinsic pole–jet angles ϕ < 30°, declining to zero at ϕ = 60°. We have obtained optical spectra for all these newly identified SDRAGNs. Among both previously known and new SDRAGN samples, 8/25 show Seyfert 2 signatures, 6/25 show central star formation, and 5/25 show low-ionization nuclear emission-line region emission strong enough to indicate active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity or shock ionization, broadly similar to radio galaxies in elliptical hosts but with the addition of star formation (diluting or masking weak AGN signatures). SDRAGNs include FR II sources seen at unusually low radio powers, and preferentially occur in significant galaxy overdensities on 1 Mpc scales. Our “false alarms”—systems where HST data show the spiral is not the actual host galaxy—include radio sources seen through large portions of foreground spiral disks, potentially providing useful probes for Faraday rotation studies of disk magnetic fields.

Abstract:

Abstract Spectroscopic observations of the kilonova AT 2017gfo provide a unique opportunity to identify signatures from individual heavy elements freshly synthesised via the r-process, the nucleosynthetic channel responsible for producing ∼ half of all trans-iron-group elements. Limitations in the available atomic data have historically hampered comprehensive line identification studies; however, renewed interest has led to the generation of improved (more complete and accurately calibrated) line lists for r-process species. Here we demonstrate the utility of such data, by exploiting newly generated line lists for the lanthanides to model the photospheric-phase 3.4 d X-shooter spectrum of AT 2017gfo with the radiative transfer tool tardis. We find the data can only be reproduced by invoking a substantially diminished lanthanide mass fraction ($X_{\rm {\small IN}}$) than that proposed by previous studies. Specifically, our model necessitates $X_{\rm {\small IN}} \approx 2.5 \times 10^{-3}$ in the line-forming region, a value 20 × lower than previously claimed. This substantial reduction in $X_{\rm {\small IN}}$ is driven by our inclusion of much more complete lanthanide line information that enables better estimation of their total contribution to the observations. We encourage future modelling works to exploit all atomic data advances, and also encourage continued efforts to generate the necessary data for the remaining r-process species of interest.

Abstract:

Abstract A central question regarding neutron star mergers is whether they are able to produce all the r-process elements, from first to third peak. We here study theoretical infrared signatures of first-peak elements with spectral synthesis modelling. By combining state-of-the-art NLTE physics with new radiative and collisional data for these elements, we identify several promising diagnostic lines from Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr and Zr. The models give self-consistent line luminosities and indicate specific features that probe emission volumes at early phases (∼10d), the product of ion mass and electron density in late phases (≳75d), and in some cases direct ionic masses at intermediate phases. Emission by [Se I] 5.03 μm + [Se III] 4.55 μm is the only one from the first r-process peak that could explain the Spitzer photometry of AT2017gfo. However, the models show consistently that with a Kr/Te and Se/Te ratio following the solar r-process pattern, Kr + Se emission is dominant over Te for the blend at 2.1 μm observed in both AT2017gfo and AT2023vfi. The somewhat better line profile fit with [Te III] may suggest that both AT2017gfo and AT2023vfi had a strongly sub-solar production of the light r-process elements. An alternative scenario could be that Kr + Se in an asymmetric morphological distribution generates the feature. Further JWST spectral observations holds promise to determine the light r-process production of kilonovae, and in particular whether the light elements are made in a slow disk wind or in a fast proto-NS wind. We identify specific needs for further atomic data for Z = 31 − 40 elements.

Abstract:

Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are some of the brightest explosions in the Universe, representing the extremes of stellar deaths. At the upper end of their distribution is SN 2023taz, in a dwarf galaxy at z = 0.407. This is one of the most luminous SLSNe discovered to date with a peak absolute magnitude of Mg,peak = –22.75 ± 0.03 and a lower limit for energy radiated of E = 2.9 × 1051 erg. Magnetar model fits reveal individual parameter values typical of the SLSN population, but the combination of a low B-field and ejecta mass with a short spin period places SN 2023taz in a unusual region of parameter space, accounting for its extreme luminosity. The optical data around peak are consistent with a temperature of ∼17,000 K but SN 2023taz shows a surprising deficit in the UV compared to other events in this temperature range. We find no indication of dust extinction that could plausibly explain the UV deficit. The lower level of UV flux is reminiscent of the absorption seen in lower-luminosity events like SN 2017dwh, where Fe-group elements are responsible for the effect. However, in the case of SN 2023taz, there is no evidence for a larger amount of Fe-group elements which could contribute to line blanketing. Comparing to SLSNe with well-observed UV spectra, an underlying temperature of 8000–9000 K would match the UV spectral slope, but is not consistent with the optical color temperatures of these events. The most likely explanation is enhanced absorption by intermediate-mass elements, challenging previous findings that SLSNe exhibit similar UV absorption line equivalent widths. This highlights the need for expanded UV spectroscopic coverage of SLSNe, especially at early times, to build a framework for interpreting their diversity and to enable classification at higher redshifts where optical observations will exclusively probe rest-frame UV emission.

Abstract:

Abstract We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low redshift surveys, retraining the SALT3 light curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises ∼1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and ∼200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain Ωm = 0.330 ± 0.015 in Flat ΛCDM which changes Ωm by −0.022 compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with CMB data from Planck, ACT and SPT and the DESI DR2 measurements in a Flat w0waCDM cosmology, we find w0 = −0.803 ± 0.054, wa = −0.72 ± 0.21. Our results hold a significance of 3.2σ, reduced from 4.2σ for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the Flat w0waCDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.