LUX-ZEPLIN

Abstract:

This report describes the experimental strategy and technologies for XLZD, the next-generation xenon observatory sensitive to dark matter and neutrino physics. In the baseline design, the detector will have an active liquid xenon target of 60 tonnes, which could be increased to 80 tonnes if the market conditions for xenon are favorable. It is based on the mature liquid xenon time projection chamber technology used in current-generation experiments, LZ and XENONnT. The report discusses the baseline design and opportunities for further optimization of the individual detector components. The experiment envisaged here has the capability to explore parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter down to the neutrino fog, with a 3σ evidence potential for WIMP-nucleon cross sections as low as 3×10-49cm2 (at 40 GeV/c2 WIMP mass). The observatory will also have leading sensitivity to a wide range of alternative dark matter models. It is projected to have a 3σ observation potential of neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe at a half-life of up to 5.7×1027 years. Additionally, it is sensitive to astrophysical neutrinos from the sun and galactic supernovae.

Abstract:

We report results of a search for nuclear recoils induced by weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter using the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) two-phase xenon time projection chamber. This analysis uses a total exposure of $4.2\pm 0.1$ tonne-years from 280 live days of LZ operation, of which $3.3\pm 0.1$ tonne-years and 220 live days are new. A technique to actively tag background electronic recoils from ${}^{214}\mathrm{Pb}$ $\beta$ decays is featured for the first time. Enhanced electron-ion recombination is observed in two-neutrino double electron capture decays of ${}^{124}\mathrm{Xe}$ , representing a noteworthy new background. After removal of artificial signal-like events injected into the dataset to mitigate analyzer bias, we find no evidence for an excess over expected backgrounds. World-leading constraints are placed on spin-independent (SI) and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections for masses $\ge 9\mathrm{GeV}/c^2$ . The strongest SI exclusion set is $2.2\times {10}^{-48}{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ at the 90% confidence level and the best SI median sensitivity achieved is $5.1\times {10}^{-48}{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ , both for a mass of $40\mathrm{GeV}/c^2$ . Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Abstract:

Electron-capture decays of ${}^{125}\mathrm{Xe}$ and ${}^{127}\mathrm{Xe}$ , and double-electron-capture decays of ${}^{124}\mathrm{Xe}$ , are backgrounds in searches for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) conducted by dual-phase xenon time projection chambers such as LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ). These decays produce signals with more light and less charge than equivalent-energy $\beta$ decays and correspondingly overlap more with WIMP signals. We measure three electron-capture charge yields in LZ: the 1.1 keV M-shell, 5.2 keV L-shell, and 33.2 keV K-shell at drift fields of 193 and $96.5\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{cm}$ . The LL double-electron-capture decay of ${}^{124}\mathrm{Xe}$ exhibits even more pronounced shifts in charge and light. We provide a first model of double-electron-capture charge yields using the link between ionization density and electron-ion recombination, and identify a need for more accurate calculations. Finally, we discuss the implications of the reduced charge yield of these decays and other interactions creating inner-shell vacancies for future dark matter searches.