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Cosmogenic production of Ar37 in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Phys.Rev.D 105 (2022) 8, 082004

Authors:

J. Aalbers, D.S. Akerib, A.K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S.K. Alsum, C.S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T.J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H.M. Araújo, J.E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, A. Baker, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J.W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, E.P. Bernard, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T.P. Biesiadzinski, H.J. Birch, G.M. Blockinger, E. Bodnia, B. Boxer, C.A.J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin, J.K. Busenitz, M. Buuck, R. Cabrita, M.C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Cascella, C. Chan, A. Chawla, H. Chen, N.I. Chott, A. Cole, M.V. Converse, A. Cottle, G. Cox, O. Creaner, J.E. Cutter, C.E. Dahl, A. David, L. de Viveiros, J.E.Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, S.R. Eriksen, A. Fan, S. Fayer, N.M. Fearon, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, E.D. Fraser, T. Fruth, R.J. Gaitskell, J. Genovesi, C. Ghag, E. Gibson, M.G.D. Gilchriese, S. Gokhale, M.G.D.van der Grinten, C.B. Gwilliam, C.R. Hall, S.J. Haselschwardt, S.A. Hertel, M. Horn, D.Q. Huang, D. Hunt, C.M. Ignarra, O. Jahangir, R.S. James, W. Ji, J. Johnson, A.C. Kaboth, A.C. Kamaha, K. Kamdin, D. Khaitan, A. Khazov, I. Khurana, D. Kodroff, L. Korley, E.V. Korolkova, H. Kraus, S. Kravitz, L. Kreczko, V.A. Kudryavtsev, E.A. Leason, D.S. Leonard, K.T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Lee, J. Lin, A. Lindote, R. Linehan , W.H. Lippincott, X. Liu, M.I. Lopes, E. Lopez Asamar, B. Lopez-Paredes, W. Lorenzon, S. Luitz, P.A. Majewski, A. Manalaysay, L. Manenti, R.L. Mannino, N. Marangou, M.E. McCarthy, D.N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, E.H. Miller, E. Mizrachi, A. Monte, M.E. Monzani, J.A. Morad, J.D. Morales Mendoza, E. Morrison, B.J. Mount, A.St.J. Murphy, D. Naim, A. Naylor, C. Nedlik, H.N. Nelson, F. Neves, J.A. Nikoleyczik, A. Nilima, I. Olcina, K. Oliver-Mallory, S. Pal, K.J. Palladino, J. Palmer, N. Parveen, S.J. Patton, E.K. Pease, B. Penning, G. Pereira, E. Perry, J. Pershing, A. Piepke, D. Porzio, Y. Qie, J. Reichenbacher, C.A. Rhyne, A. Richards, Q. Riffard, %Q. Riffard, G.R.C. Rischbieter, R. Rosero, P. Rossiter, T. Rushton, D. Santone, A.B.M.R. Sazzad, R.W. Schnee, P.R. Scovell, S. Shaw, T.A. Shutt, J.J. Silk, C. Silva, G. Sinev, R. Smith, M. Solmaz, V.N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, J. Soria, I. Stancu, A. Stevens, K. Stifter, B. Suerfu, T.J. Sumner, N. Swanson, M. Szydagis, W.C. Taylor, R. Taylor, D.J. Temples, P.A. Terman, D.R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, W.H. To, Z. Tong, D.R. Tovey, M. Trask, M. Tripathi, D.R. Tronstad, W. Turner, U. Utku, A. Vaitkus, B. Wang, Y. Wang, J.J. Wang, W. Wang, J.R. Watson, R.C. Webb, R.G. White, T.J. Whitis, M. Williams, F.L.H. Wolfs, S. Woodford, D. Woodward, C.J. Wright, Q. Xia, X. Xiang, J. Xu, M. Yeh

Abstract:

We estimate the amount of Ar37 produced in natural xenon via cosmic-ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth’s surface. We then calculate the resulting Ar37 concentration in a 10-tonne payload (similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage, and delivery to the underground facility. Using the spallation model by Silberberg and Tsao, the sea-level production rate of Ar37 in natural xenon is estimated to be 0.024  atoms/kg/day. Assuming the xenon is successively purified to remove radioactive contaminants in 1-tonne batches at a rate of 1  tonne/month, the average Ar37 activity after 10 tons are purified and transported underground is 0.058−0.090  μBq/kg, depending on the degree of argon removal during above-ground purification. Such cosmogenic Ar37 will appear as a noticeable background in the early science data, while decaying with a 35-day half-life. This newly noticed production mechanism of Ar37 should be considered when planning for future liquid-xenon-based experiments
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A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

(2022)

Authors:

J Aalbers, K Abe, V Aerne, F Agostini, S Ahmed Maouloud, DS Akerib, D Yu Akimov, J Akshat, AK Al Musalhi, F Alder, SK Alsum, L Althueser, CS Amarasinghe, FD Amaro, A Ames, TJ Anderson, B Andrieu, N Angelides, E Angelino, J Angevaare, VC Antochi, D Antón Martin, B Antunovic, E Aprile, HM Araújo, JE Armstrong, F Arneodo, M Arthurs, P Asadi, S Baek, X Bai, D Bajpai, A Baker, J Balajthy, S Balashov, M Balzer, A Bandyopadhyay, J Bang, E Barberio, JW Bargemann, L Baudis, D Bauer, D Baur, A Baxter, AL Baxter, M Bazyk, K Beattie, J Behrens, NF Bell, L Bellagamba, P Beltrame, M Benabderrahmane, EP Bernard, GF Bertone, P Bhattacharjee, A Bhatti, A Biekert, TP Biesiadzinski, AR Binau, R Biondi, Y Biondi, HJ Birch, F Bishara, A Bismark, C Blanco, GM Blockinger, E Bodnia, C Boehm, AI Bolozdynya, PD Bolton, S Bottaro, C Bourgeois, B Boxer, P Brás, A Breskin, PA Breur, CAJ Brew, J Brod, E Brookes, A Brown, E Brown, S Bruenner, G Bruno, R Budnik, TK Bui, S Burdin, S Buse, JK Busenitz, D Buttazzo, M Buuck, A Buzulutskov, R Cabrita, C Cai, D Cai, C Capelli, JMR Cardoso, MC Carmona-Benitez, M Cascella, R Catena, S Chakraborty, C Chan, S Chang, A Chauvin, A Chawla, H Chen, V Chepel, NI Chott, D Cichon, A Cimental Chavez, B Cimmino, M Clark, RT Co, AP Colijn, J Conrad, MV Converse, M Costa, A Cottle, G Cox, O Creaner, JJ Cuenca Garcia, JP Cussonneau, JE Cutter, CE Dahl, V D'Andrea, A David, MP Decowski, JB Dent, FF Deppisch, L de Viveiros, P Di Gangi, A Di Giovanni, S Di Pede, J Dierle, S Diglio, JEY Dobson, M Doerenkamp, D Douillet, G Drexlin, E Druszkiewicz, D Dunsky, K Eitel, A Elykov, T Emken, R Engel, SR Eriksen, M Fairbairn, A Fan, JJ Fan, SJ Farrell, S Fayer, NM Fearon, A Ferella, C Ferrari, A Fieguth, A Fieguth, S Fiorucci, H Fischer, H Flaecher, M Flierman, T Florek, R Foot, PJ Fox, R Franceschini, ED Fraser, CS Frenk, S Frohlich, T Fruth, W Fulgione, C Fuselli, P Gaemers, R Gaior, RJ Gaitskell, M Galloway, F Gao, I Garcia Garcia, J Genovesi, C Ghag, S Ghosh, E Gibson, W Gil, D Giovagnoli, F Girard, R Glade-Beucke, F Glück, S Gokhale, A de Gouvêa, L Gráf, L Grandi, J Grigat, B Grinstein, MGD van der Grinten, R Grössle, H Guan, M Guida, R Gumbsheimer, CB Gwilliam, CR Hall, LJ Hall, R Hammann, K Han, V Hannen, S Hansmann-Menzemer, R Harata, SP Hardin, E Hardy, CA Hardy, K Harigaya, R Harnik, SJ Haselschwardt, M Hernandez, SA Hertel, A Higuera, C Hils, S Hochrein, L Hoetzsch, M Hoferichter, N Hood, D Hooper, M Horn, J Howlett, DQ Huang, Y Huang, D Hunt, M Iacovacci, G Iaquaniello, R Ide, CM Ignarra, G Iloglu, Y Itow, E Jacquet, O Jahangir, J Jakob, RS James, A Jansen, W Ji, X Ji, F Joerg, J Johnson, A Joy, AC Kaboth, AC Kamaha, K Kanezaki, K Kar, M Kara, N Kato, P Kavrigin, S Kazama, AW Keaveney, J Kellerer, D Khaitan, A Khazov, G Khundzakishvili, I Khurana, B Kilminster, M Kleifges, P Ko, M Kobayashi, M Kobayashi, D Kodroff, G Koltmann, A Kopec, A Kopmann, J Kopp, L Korley, VN Kornoukhov, EV Korolkova, H Kraus, LM Krauss, S Kravitz, L Kreczko, VA Kudryavtsev, F Kuger, J Kumar, B López Paredes, L LaCascio, Q Laine, H Landsman, RF Lang, EA Leason, J Lee, DS Leonard, KT Lesko, L Levinson, C Levy, I Li, SC Li, T Li, S Liang, CS Liebenthal, J Lin, Q Lin, S Lindemann, M Lindner, A Lindote, R Linehan, WH Lippincott, X Liu, K Liu, J Liu, J Loizeau, F Lombardi, J Long, MI Lopes, E Lopez Asamar, W Lorenzon, C Lu, S Luitz, Y Ma, PAN Machado, C Macolino, T Maeda, J Mahlstedt, PA Majewski, A Manalaysay, A Mancuso, L Manenti, A Manfredini, RL Mannino, N Marangou, J March-Russell, F Marignetti, T Marrodán Undagoitia, K Martens, R Martin, I Martinez-Soler, J Masbou, D Masson, E Masson, S Mastroianni, M Mastronardi, JA Matias-Lopes, ME McCarthy, N McFadden, E McGinness, DN McKinsey, J McLaughlin, K McMichael, P Meinhardt, J Menéndez, Y Meng, M Messina, R Midha, D Milisavljevic, EH Miller, B Milosevic, S Milutinovic, SA Mitra, K Miuchi, E Mizrachi, K Mizukoshi, A Molinario, A Monte, CMB Monteiro, ME Monzani, JS Moore, K Morå, JA Morad, JD Morales Mendoza, S Moriyama, E Morrison, E Morteau, Y Mosbacher, BJ Mount, J Mueller, A St J Murphy, M Murra, D Naim, S Nakamura, E Nash, N Navaieelavasani, A Naylor, C Nedlik, HN Nelson, F Neves, JL Newstead, K Ni, JA Nikoleyczik, V Niro, UG Oberlack, M Obradovic, K Odgers, CAJ O'Hare, P Oikonomou, I Olcina, K Oliver-Mallory, A Oranday, J Orpwood, I Ostrovskiy, K Ozaki, B Paetsch, S Pal, J Palacio, KJ Palladino, J Palmer, P Panci, M Pandurovic, A Parlati, N Parveen, SJ Patton, V Pěč, Q Pellegrini, B Penning, G Pereira, R Peres, Y Perez-Gonzalez, E Perry, T Pershing, R Petrossian-Byrne, J Pienaar, A Piepke, G Pieramico, M Pierre, M Piotter, V Pizella, G Plante, T Pollmann, D Porzio, J Qi, Y Qie, J Qin, N Raj, M Rajado Silva, K Ramanathan, D Ramírez García, J Ravanis, L Redard-Jacot, D Redigolo, S Reichard, J Reichenbacher, CA Rhyne, A Richards, Q Riffard, GRC Rischbieter, A Rocchetti, SL Rosenfeld, R Rosero, N Rupp, T Rushton, S Saha, L Sanchez, P Sanchez-Lucas, D Santone, JMF dos Santos, I Sarnoff, G Sartorelli, ABMR Sazzad, M Scheibelhut, RW Schnee, M Schrank, J Schreiner, P Schulte, D Schulte, H Schulze Eissing, M Schumann, T Schwemberger, A Schwenk, T Schwetz, L Scotto Lavina, PR Scovell, H Sekiya, M Selvi, E Semenov, F Semeria, P Shagin, S Shaw, S Shi, E Shockley, TA Shutt, R Si-Ahmed, JJ Silk, C Silva, MC Silva, H Simgen, F Šimkovic, G Sinev, R Singh, W Skulski, J Smirnov, R Smith, M Solmaz, VN Solovov, P Sorensen, J Soria, TJ Sparmann, I Stancu, M Steidl, A Stevens, K Stifter, LE Strigari, D Subotic, B Suerfu, AM Suliga, TJ Sumner, P Szabo, M Szydagis, A Takeda, Y Takeuchi, P-L Tan, C Taricco, WC Taylor, DJ Temples, A Terliuk, PA Terman, D Thers, K Thieme, Th Thümmler, DR Tiedt, M Timalsina, WH To, F Toennies, Z Tong, F Toschi, DR Tovey, J Tranter, M Trask, GC Trinchero, M Tripathi, DR Tronstad, R Trotta, YD Tsai, CD Tunnell, WG Turner, R Ueno, P Urquijo, U Utku, A Vaitkus, K Valerius, E Vassilev, S Vecchi, V Velan, S Vetter, AC Vincent, L Vittorio, G Volta, B von Krosigk, M von Piechowski, D Vorkapic, CEM Wagner, AM Wang, B Wang, Y Wang, W Wang, JJ Wang, L-T Wang, M Wang, Y Wang, JR Watson, Y Wei, C Weinheimer, E Weisman, M Weiss, D Wenz, SM West, TJ Whitis, M Williams, MJ Wilson, D Winkler, C Wittweg, J Wolf, T Wolf, FLH Wolfs, S Woodford, D Woodward, CJ Wright, VHS Wu, P Wu, S Wüstling, M Wurm, Q Xia, X Xiang, Y Xing, J Xu, Z Xu, D Xu, M Yamashita, R Yamazaki, H Yan, L Yang, Y Yang, J Ye, M Yeh, I Young, HB Yu, TT Yu, L Yuan, G Zavattini, S Zerbo, Y Zhang, M Zhong, N Zhou, X Zhou, T Zhu, Y Zhu, Y Zhuang, JP Zopounidis, K Zuber, J Zupan
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Erratum to: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

European Physical Journal C Springer Nature 82:3 (2022) 221

Authors:

DS Akerib, CW Akerlof, D Yu Akimov, A Alquahtani, SK Alsum, TJ Anderson, N Angelides, HM Araújo, A Arbuckle, JE Armstrong, M Arthurs, H Auyeung, S Aviles, X Bai, AJ Bailey, J Balajthy, S Balashov, J Bang, MJ Barry, D Bauer, P Bauer, A Baxter, J Belle, P Beltrame, J Bensinger, T Benson, EP Bernard, A Bernstein, A Bhatti, A Biekert, TP Biesiadzinski, HJ Birch, B Birrittella, KE Boast, AI Bolozdynya, EM Boulton, B Boxer, R Bramante, S Branson, P Brás, M Breidenbach, CAJ Brew, JH Buckley, VV Bugaev, R Bunker, S Burdin, JK Busenitz, R Cabrita, JS Campbell, C Carels, DL Carlsmith, B Carlson, MC Carmona-Benitez, M Cascella, C Chan, JJ Cherwinka, AA Chiller, C Chiller, NI Chott, A Cole, J Coleman, D Colling, RA Conley, A Cottle, R Coughlen, G Cox, WW Craddock, D Curran, A Currie, JE Cutter, JP da Cunha, CE Dahl, S Dardin, S Dasu, J Davis, TJR Davison, L de Viveiros, N Decheine, A Dobi, JEY Dobson, E Druszkiewicz, A Dushkin, TK Edberg, WR Edwards, BN Edwards, J Edwards, MM Elnimr, WT Emmet, SR Eriksen, CH Faham, A Fan, S Fayer, S Fiorucci, H Flaecher, IM Fogarty Florang, P Ford, VB Francis, ED Fraser, F Froborg, T Fruth, RJ Gaitskell, NJ Gantos, D Garcia, VM Gehman, R Gelfand, J Genovesi, RM Gerhard, C Ghag, E Gibson, MGD Gilchriese, S Gokhale, B Gomber, TG Gonda, A Greenall, S Greenwood, G Gregerson, MGD van der Grinten, CB Gwilliam, CR Hall, D Hamilton, S Hans, K Hanzel, T Harrington, A Harrison, J Harrison, C Hasselkus, SJ Haselschwardt, D Hemer, SA Hertel, J Heise, S Hillbrand, O Hitchcock, C Hjemfelt, MD Hoff, B Holbrook, E Holtom, JY-K Hor, M Horn, DQ Huang, TW Hurteau, CM Ignarra, MN Irving, RG Jacobsen, O Jahangir, SN Jeffery, W Ji, M Johnson, J Johnson, P Johnson, WG Jones, AC Kaboth, A Kamaha, K Kamdin, V Kasey, K Kazkaz, J Keefner, D Khaitan, M Khaleeq, A Khazov, AV Khromov, I Khurana, YD Kim, WT Kim, CD Kocher, D Kodroff, AM Konovalov, L Korley, EV Korolkova, M Koyuncu, J Kras, H Kraus, SW Kravitz, HJ Krebs, L Kreczko, B Krikler, VA Kudryavtsev, AV Kumpan, S Kyre, AR Lambert, B Landerud, NA Larsen, A Laundrie, EA Leason, HS Lee, J Lee, C Lee, BG Lenardo, DS Leonard, R Leonard, KT Lesko, C Levy, J Li, Y Liu, J Liao, F-T Liao, J Lin, A Lindote, R Linehan, WH Lippincott, R Liu, X Liu, C Loniewski, MI Lopes, E Lopez-Asamar, B López Paredes, W Lorenzon, D Lucero, S Luitz, JM Lyle, C Lynch, PA Majewski, J Makkinje, DC Malling, A Manalaysay, L Manenti, RL Mannino, N Marangou, DJ Markley, P MarrLaundrie, TJ Martin, MF Marzioni, C Maupin, CT McConnell, DN McKinsey, J McLaughlin, D-M Mei, Y Meng, EH Miller, ZJ Minaker, E Mizrachi, J Mock, D Molash, A Monte, ME Monzani, JA Morad, E Morrison, BJ Mount, A St J Murphy, D Naim, A Naylor, C Nedlik, C Nehrkorn, HN Nelson, J Nesbit, F Neves, JA Nikkel, JA Nikoleyczik, A Nilima, J O’Dell, H Oh, FG O’Neill, K O’Sullivan, I Olcina, MA Olevitch, KC Oliver-Mallory, L Oxborough, A Pagac, D Pagenkopf, S Pal, KJ Palladino, VM Palmaccio, J Palmer, M Pangilinan, N Parveen, SJ Patton, EK Pease, BP Penning, G Pereira, C Pereira, IB Peterson, A Piepke, S Pierson, S Powell, RM Preece, K Pushkin, Y Qie, M Racine, BN Ratcliff, J Reichenbacher, L Reichhart, CA Rhyne, A Richards, Q Riffard, GRC Rischbieter, JP Rodrigues, HJ Rose, R Rosero, P Rossiter, R Rucinski, G Rutherford, JS Saba, L Sabarots, D Santone, M Sarychev, ABMR Sazzad, RW Schnee, M Schubnell, PR Scovell, M Severson, D Seymour, S Shaw, GW Shutt, TA Shutt, JJ Silk, C Silva, K Skarpaas, W Skulski, AR Smith, RJ Smith, RE Smith, J So, M Solmaz, VN Solovov, P Sorensen, VV Sosnovtsev, I Stancu, MR Stark, S Stephenson, N Stern, A Stevens, TM Stiegler, K Stifter, R Studley, TJ Sumner, K Sundarnath, P Sutcliffe, N Swanson, M Szydagis, M Tan, WC Taylor, R Taylor, DJ Taylor, D Temples, BP Tennyson, PA Terman, KJ Thomas, JA Thomson, DR Tiedt, M Timalsina, WH To, A Tomás, TE Tope, M Tripathi, DR Tronstad, CE Tull, W Turner, L Tvrznikova, M Utes, U Utku, S Uvarov, J Va’vra, A Vacheret, A Vaitkus, JR Verbus, T Vietanen, E Voirin, CO Vuosalo, S Walcott, WL Waldron, K Walker, JJ Wang, R Wang, L Wang, W Wang, Y Wang, JR Watson, J Migneault, S Weatherly, RC Webb, W-Z Wei, M While, RG White, JT White, DT White, TJ Whitis, WJ Wisniewski, K Wilson, MS Witherell, FLH Wolfs, JD Wolfs, D Woodward, SD Worm, X Xiang, Q Xiao, J Xu, M Yeh, J Yin, I Young, C Zhang, P Zarzhitsky
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Probing spin-dependent dark matter interactions with Li-6

EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C 82:3 (2022) ARTN 207

Authors:

G Angloher, G Benato, A Bento, E Bertoldo, A Bertolini, R Breier, C Bucci, L Canonica, A D'Addabbo, S Di Lorenzo, L Einfalt, A Erb, F von Feilitzsch, N Ferreiro Iachellini, S Fichtinger, D Fuchs, A Fuss, A Garai, VM Ghete, P Gorla, S Gupta, D Hauff, M Jeskovsky, J Jochum, M Kaznacheeva, A Kinast, H Kluck, H Kraus, A Langenkaemper, M Mancuso, L Marini, V Mokina, A Nilima, M Olmi, T Ortmann, C Pagliarone, V Palusova, L Pattavina, F Petricca, W Potzel, P Povinec, F Proebst, F Pucci, F Reindl, J Rothe, K Schaeffner, J Schieck, D Schmiedmayer, S Schoenert, C Schwertner, M Stahlberg, L Stodolsky, C Strandhagen, R Strauss, I Usherov, F Wagner, M Willers, V Zema
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Cosmic activation of Cresst's CaWO4 crystals

Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156:1 (2022)

Authors:

H Kluck, G Angloher, G Benato, A Bento, A Bertolini, R Breier, C Bucci, L Canonica, A D'Addabbo, S Di Lorenzo, L Einfalt, A Erb, FV Feilitzsch, NF Iachellini, S Fichtinger, D Fuchs, A Fuss, A Garai, VM Ghete, P Gorla, S Gupta, D Hauff, M Ješkovský, J Jochum, M Kaznacheeva, A Kinast, H Kraus, A Langenkämper, M Mancuso, L Marini, V Mokina, A Nilima, M Olmi, T Ortmann, C Pagliarone, V Palušová, L Pattavina, F Petricca, W Potzel, P Povinec, F Pröbst, F Pucci, F Reindl, J Rothe, K Schäffner, J Schieck, D Schmiedmayer, S Schönert, C Schwertner, M Stahlberg, L Stodolsky, C Strandhagen, R Strauss, I Usherov, F Wagner, M Willers, V Zema

Abstract:

The Cresst experiment searches for dark matter induced nuclear recoils inside CaWO4 based cryogenic calorimeters at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. To identify reliably a potential signal, a precise understanding of its background budget is crucial. An important background category could be “cosmogenics”: radionuclides produced via interactions with cosmic rays, mainly during the crystal production at surface facilities. Albeit CaWO4 is a well-established calorimetric material, no systematic study of its susceptibility for cosmic activation existed so far. In this contribution, we will first report the exposure profile of Cresst's in-house grown TUM93 crystal to cosmic rays. Then we will identify the most prominent cosmogenics via Activia calculations. Afterwards we discuss the expected background spectrum based on Geant4 simulations and compare it to measurements.
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