Search for Multimessenger Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with Advanced LIGO during Its First Observing Run, ANTARES, and IceCube
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 870:2 (2019) ARTN 134
Authors:
A Albert, M Andre, M Anghinolfi, M Ardid, J-J Aubert, J Aublin, T Avgitas, B Baret, J Barrios-Marti, S Basa, B Belhorma, V Bertin, S Biagi, R Bormuth, J Boumaaza, S Bourret, MC Bouwhuis, H Branzas, R Bruijn, J Brunner, J Busto, A Capone, L Caramete, J Carr, S Celli, M Chabab, R Cherkaoui El Moursli, T Chiarusi, M Circella, JAB Coelho, A Coleiro, M Colomer, R Coniglione, H Costantini, P Coyle, A Creusot, AF Diaz, A Deschamps, C Distefano, I Di Palma, A Domi, R Dona, C Donzaud, D Dornic, D Drouhin, T Eberl, I El Bojaddaini, N El Khayati, D Elsaesser, A Enzenhoefer, A Ettahiri, F Fassi, I Felis, P Fermani, G Ferrara, L Fusco, P Gay, H Glotin, T Gregoire, R Gracia Ruiz, K Graf, S Hallmann, H van Haren, AJ Heijboer, Y Hello, JJ Hernandez-Rey, J Hoessl, J Hofestaedt, G Illuminati, M de Jong, M Jongen, M Kadler, O Kalekin, U Katz, NR Khan-Chowdhury, A Kouchner, M Kreter, I Kreykenbohm, V Kulikovskiy, C Lachaud, R Lahmann, D Lefevre, E Leonora, G Levi, M Lotze, S Loucatos, G Maggi, M Marcelin, A Margiotta, A Marinelli, JA Martinez-Mora, R Mele, K Melis, P Migliozzi, A Moussa, S Navas, E Nezri, A Nunez, M Organokov, GE Pavalas, C Pellegrino, P Piattelli, V Popa, T Pradier, L Quinn, C Racca, N Randazzo, G Riccobene, A Sanchez-Losa, M Saldana, I Salvadori, DFE Samtleben, M Sanguineti, P Sapienza, F Schussler, M Spurio, Th Stolarczyk, M Taiuti, Y Tayalati, A Trovato, B Vallage, V Van Elewyck, F Versari, D Vivolo, J Wilms, D Zaborov, JD Zornoza, J Zuniga, MG Aartsen, M Ackermann, J Adams, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, M Ahrens, D Altmann, K Andeen, T Anderson, I Ansseau, G Anton, C Arguelles, J Auffenberg, S Axani, P Backes, H Bagherpour, X Bai, A Barbano, JP Barron, SW Barwick, V Baum, R Bay, JJ Beatty, J Becker Tjus, K-H Becker, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, G Binder, D Bindig, E Blaufuss, S Blot, C Bohm, M Boerner, F Bos, S Boeser, O Botner, E Bourbeau, J Bourbeau, F Bradascio, J Braun, M Brenzke, H-P Bretz, S Bron, J Brostean-Kaiser, A Burgman, RS Busse, T Carver, E Cheung, D Chirkin, K Clark, L Classen, GH Collin, JM Conrad, P Coppin, P Correa, DF Cowen, R Cross, P Dave, M Day, JPAM de Andre, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, H Dembinski, K Deoskar, S De Ridder, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, M de With, T DeYoung, JC Diaz-Velez, V di Lorenzo, H Dujmovic, JP Dumm, M Dunkman, E Dvorak, B Eberhardt, T Ehrhardt, B Eichmann, P Eller, PA Evenson, S Fahey, AR Fazely, J Felde, K Filimonov, C Finley, A Franckowiak, E Friedman, A Fritz, TK Gaisser, J Gallagher, E Ganster, S Garrappa, L Gerhardt, K Ghorbani, W Giang, T Glauch, T Gluesenkamp, A Goldschmidt, JG Gonzalez, D Grant, Z Griffith, C Haack, A Hallgren, L Halve, F Halzen, K Hanson, D Hebecker, D Heereman, K Helbing, R Hellauer, S Hickford, J Hignight, GC Hill, KD Hoffman, R Hoffmann, T Hoinka, B Hokanson-Fasig, K Hoshina, F Huang, M Huber, K Hultqvist, M Huennefeld, R Hussain, S In, N Iovine, A Ishihara, E Jacobi, GS Japaridze, M Jeong, K Jero, BJP Jones, P Kalaczynski, W Kang, A Kappes, D Kappesser, T Karg, A Karle, M Kauer, A Keivani, JL Kelley, A Kheirandish, J Kim, T Kintscher, J Kiryluk, T Kittler, SR Klein, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, L Koepke, C Kopper, S Kopper, JP Koschinsky, DJ Koskinen, M Kowalski, K Krings, M Kroll, G Krueckl, S Kunwar, N Kurahashi, A Kyriacou, M Labare, JL Lanfranchi, MJ Larson, F Lauber, K Leonard, M Leuermann, QR Liu, E Lohfink, CJ Lozano Mariscal, L Lu, J Lunemann, W Luszczak, J Madsen, KBM Mahn, Y Makino, S Mancina, IC Maris, R Maruyama, K Mase, R Maunu, K Meagher, M Medici, M Meier, T Menne, G Merino, T Meures, S Miarecki, J Micallef, G Momente, T Montaruli, RW Moore, M Moulai, R Nagai, R Nahnhauer, P Nakarmi, U Naumann, G Neer, H Niederhausen, SC Nowicki, DR Nygren, A Obertacke Pollmann, A Olivas, A O'Murchadha, E O'Sullivan, T Palczewski, H Pandya, DV Pankova, P Peiffer, JA Pepper, C Perez de los Heros, D Pieloth, E Pinat, A Pizzuto, M Plum, PB Price, GT Przybylski, C Raab, M Rameez, L Rauch, K Rawlins, IC Rea, R Reimann, B Relethford, G Renzi, E Resconi, W Rhode, M Richman, S Robertson, M Rongen, C Rott, T Ruhe, D Ryckbosch, D Rysewyk, I Safa, SE Sanchez Herrera, A Sandrock, J Sandroos, M Santander, S Sarkar, K Satalecka, M Schaufel, P Schlunder, T Schmidt, A Schneider, J Schneider, S Schoeneberg, L Schumacher, S Sclafani, D Seckel, S Seunarine, J Soedingrekso, D Soldin, M Song, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, J Stachurska, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, A Stasik, R Stein, J Stettner, A Steuer, T Stezelberger, RG Stokstad, A Stossl, NL Strotjohann, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, M Sutherland, I Taboada, F Tenholt, S Ter-Antonyan, A Terliuk, S Tilav, PA Toale, MN Tobin, C Tonnis, S Toscano, D Tosi, M Tselengidou, CF Tung, A Turcati, R Turcotte, CF Turley, B Ty, E Unger, MA Unland Elorrieta, M Usner, J Vandenbroucke, W Van Driessche, D van Eijk, N van Eijndhoven, S Vanheule, J van Santen, M Vraeghe, C Walck, A Wallace, M Wallraff, FD Wandler, N Wandkowsky, TB Watson, A Waza, C Weaver, MJ Weiss, C Wendt, J Werthebach, S Westerhoff, BJ Whelan, N Whitehorn, K Wiebe, CH Wiebusch, L Wille, DR Williams, L Wills, M Wolf, J Wood, TR Wood, E Woolsey, K Woschnagg, G Wrede, DL Xu, XW Xu, Y Xu, JP Yanez, G Yodh, S Yoshida, T Yuan, BP Abbott, R Abbott, TD Abbott, S Abraham, F Acernese, K Ackley, C Adams, VB Adya, C Affeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, OD Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, G Allen, A Allocca, MA Aloy, PA Altin, A Amato, A Ananyeva, SB Anderson, WG Anderson, SV Angelova, S Antier, S Appert, K Arai, MC Araya, JS Areeda, M Arene, N Arnaud, KG Arun, S Ascenzi, G Ashton, SM Aston, P Astone, F Aubin, P Aufmuth, K AultONeal, C Austin, V Avendano, A Avila-Alvarez, S Babak, P Bacon, F Badaracco, MKM Bader, S Bae, PT Baker, F Baldaccini, G Ballardin, SW Ballmer, S Banagiri, JC Barayoga, SE Barclay, BC Barish, D Barker, K Barkett, S Barnum, F Barone, B Barr, L Barsotti, M Barsuglia, D Barta, J Bartlett, I Bartos, R Bassiri, A Basti, M Bawaj, JC Bayley, M Bazzan, B Becsy, M Bejger, I Belahcene, AS Bell, D Beniwal, BK Berger, G Bergmann, S Bernuzzi, JJ Bero, CPL Berry, D Bersanetti, A Bertolini, J Betzwieser, R Bhandare, J Bidler, IA Bilenko, SA Bilgili, G Billingsley, J Birch, R Birney, O Birnholtz, S Biscans, S Biscoveanu, A Bisht, M Bitossi, MA Bizouard, JK Blackburn, CD Blair, DG Blair, RM Blair, S Bloemen, N Bode, M Boer, Y Boetzel, G Bogaert, F Bondu, E Bonilla, R Bonnand, P Booker, BA Boom, CD Booth, R Bork, V Boschi, S Bose, K Bossie, V Bossilkov, J Bosveld, Y Bouffanais, A Bozzi, C Bradaschia, PR Brady, A Bramley, M Branchesi, JE Brau, T Briant, JH Briggs, F Brighenti, A Brillet, M Brinkmann, V Brisson, P Brockill, AF Brooks, DD Brown, S Brunett, A Buikema, T Bulik, HJ Bulten, A Buonanno, D Buskulic, C Buy, RL Byer, M Cabero, L Cadonati, G Cagnoli, C Cahillane, J Calderon Bustillo, TA Callister, E Calloni, JB Camp, WA Campbell, KC Cannon, H Cao, J Cao, E Capocasa, F Carbognani, S Caride, MF Carney, G Carullo, J Casanueva Diaz, C Casentini, S Caudill, M Cavaglia, F Cavalier, R Cavalieri, G Cella, P Cerda-Duran, G Cerretani, E Cesarini, O Chaibi, K Chakravarti, SJ Chamberlin, M Chan, S Chao, P Charlton, EA Chase, E Chassande-Mottin, D Chatterjee, M Chaturvedi, BD Cheeseboro, HY Chen, X Chen, Y Chen, H-P Cheng, CK Cheong, HY Chia, A Chincarini, A Chiummo, G Cho, HS Cho, M Cho, N Christensen, Q Chu, S Chua, KW Chung, S Chung, G Ciani, AA Ciobanu, R Ciolfi, F Cipriano, A Cirone, F Clara, JA Clark, P Clearwater, F Cleva, C Cocchieri, E Coccia, P-F Cohadon, D Cohen, R Colgan, M Colleoni, CG Collette, C Collins, LR Cominsky, M Constancio Jr, L Conti, SJ Cooper, P Corban, TR Corbitt, I Cordero-Carrion, KR Corley, N Cornish, A Corsi, S Cortese, CA Costa, R Cotesta, MW Coughlin, SB Coughlin, J-P Coulon, ST Countryman, P Couvares, PB Covas, EE Cowan, DM Coward, MJ Cowart, DC Coyne, R Coyne, JDE Creighton, TD Creighton, J Cripe, M Croquette, SG Crowder, TJ Cullen, A Cumming, L Cunningham, E Cuoco, T Dal Canton, G Dalya, SL Danilishin, S D'Antonio, K Danzmann, A Dasgupta, CF Da Silva Costa, LEH Datrier, V Dattilo, I Dave, M Davier, D Davis, EJ Daw, D DeBra, M Deenadayalan, J Degallaix, M De Laurentis, S Deleglise, W Del Pozzo, LM DeMarchi, N Demos, T Dent, M Denys, R De Pietri, J Derby, R De Rosa, C De Rossi, R DeSalvo, O de Varona, S Dhurandhar, MC Diaz, T Dietrich, L Di Fiore, M Di Giovanni, T Di Girolamo, A Di Lieto, B Ding, S Di Pace, F Di Renzo, A Dmitriev, Z Doctor, F Donovan, KL Dooley, S Doravari, I Dorrington, TP Downes, M Drago, JC Driggers, Z Du, J-G Ducoin, P Dupej, SE Dwyer, PJ Easter, TB Edo, MC Edwards, A Effler, P Ehrens, J Eichholz, SS Eikenberry, M Eisenmann, RA Eisenstein, RC Essick, H Estelles, D Estevez, ZB Etienne, T Etzel, M Evans, TM Evans, V Fafone, H Fair, S Fairhurst, X Fan, S Farinon, B Farr, WM Farr, EJ Fauchon-Jones, M Favata, M Fays, M Fazio, C Fee, J Feicht, MM Fejer, F Feng, A Fernandez-Galiana, I Ferrante, EC Ferreira, TA Ferreira, F Ferrini, F Fidecaro, I Fiori, D Fiorucci, M Fishbach, RP Fisher, JM Fishner, M Fitz-Axen, R Flaminio, M Fletcher, E Flynn, H Fong, JA Font, PWF Forsyth, J-D Fournier, S Frasca, F Frasconi, Z Frei, A Freise, R Frey, V Frey, P Fritschel, VV Frolov, P Fulda, M Fyffe, HA Gabbard, BU Gadre, SM Gaebel, JR Gair, L Gammaitoni, MR Ganija, SG Gaonkar, A Garcia, C Garcia-Quiros, F Garufi, B Gateley, S Gaudio, G Gaur, V Gayathri, G Gemme, E Genin, A Gennai, D George, J George, L Gergely, V Germain, S Ghonge, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, S Ghosh, B Giacomazzo, JA Giaime, KD Giardina, A Giazotto, K Gill, G Giordano, L Glover, P Godwin, E Goetz, R Goetz, B Goncharov, G Gonzalez, JM Gonzalez Castro, A Gopakumar, ML Gorodetsky, SE Gossan, M Gosselin, R Gouaty, A Grado, C Graef, M Granata, A Grant, S Gras, P Grassia, C Gray, R Gray, G Greco, AC Green, R Green, EM Gretarsson, P Groot, H Grote, S Grunewald, P Gruning, GM Guidi, HK Gulati, Y Guo, A Gupta, MK Gupta, EK Gustafson, R Gustafson, L Haegel, O Halim, BR Hall, ED Hall, EZ Hamilton, G Hammond, M Haney, MM Hanke, J Hanks, C Hanna, OA Hannuksela, J Hanson, T Hardwick, K Haris, J Harms, GM Harry, IW Harry, C-J Haster, K Haughian, FJ Hayes, J Healy, A Heidmann, MC Heintze, H Heitmann, P Hello, G Hemming, M Hendry, IS Heng, J Hennig, AW Heptonstall, FJ Hernandez, M Heurs, S Hild, T Hinderer, D Hoak, S Hochheim, D Hofman, AM Holgado, NA Holland, K Holt, DE Holz, P Hopkins, C Horst, J Hough, EJ Howell, CG Hoy, A Hreibi, EA Huerta, D Huet, B Hughey, M Hulko, S Husa, SH Huttner, T Huynh-Dinh, B Idzkowski, A Iess, C Ingram, R Inta, G Intini, B Irwin, HN Isa, J-M Isac, M Isi, BR Iyer, K Izumi, T Jacqmin, SJ Jadhav, K Jani, NN Janthalur, P Jaranowski, AC Jenkins, J Jiang, DS Johnson, AW Jones, DI Jones, R Jones, RJG Jonker, L Ju, J Junker, CV Kalaghatgi, V Kalogera, B Kamai, S Kandhasamy, G Kang, JB Kanner, SJ Kapadia, S Karki, KS Karvinen, R Kashyap, M Kasprzack, S Katsanevas, E Katsavounidis, W Katzman, S Kaufer, K Kawabe, NV Keerthana, F Kefelian, D Keitel, R Kennedy, JS Key, FY Khalili, H Khan, I Khan, S Khan, Z Khan, EA Khazanov, M Khursheed, N Kijbunchoo, Chunglee Kim, JC Kim, K Kim, W Kim, WS Kim, Y-M Kim, C Kimball, EJ King, PJ King, M Kinley-Hanlon, R Kirchhoff, JS Kissel, L Kleybolte, JH Klika, S Klimenko, TD Knowles, P Koch, SM Koehlenbeck, G Koekoek, S Koley, V Kondrashov, A Kontos, N Koper, M Korobko, WZ Korth, I Kowalska, DB Kozak, V Kringel, N Krishnendu, A Krolak, G Kuehn, A Kumar, P Kumar, R Kumar, S Kumar, L Kuo, A Kutynia, S Kwang, BD Lackey, KH Lai, TL Lam, M Landry, BB Lane, RN Lang, J Lange, B Lantz, RK Lanza, A Lartaux-Vollard, PD Lasky, M Laxen, A Lazzarini, C Lazzaro, P Leaci, S Leavey, YK Lecoeuche, CH Lee, HK Lee, HM Lee, HW Lee, J Lee, K Lee, J Lehmann, A Lenon, N Leroy, N Letendre, Y Levin, J Li, KJL Li, TGF Li, X Li, F Lin, F Linde, SD Linker, TB Littenberg, J Liu, X Liu, RKL Lo, NA Lockerbie, LT London, A Longo, M Lorenzini, V Loriette, M Lormand, G Losurdo, JD Lough, CO Lousto, G Lovelace, ME Lower, H Lueck, D Lumaca, AP Lundgren, R Lynch, Y Ma, R Macas, S Macfoy, M MacInnis, DM Macleod, A Macquet, F Magana-Sandoval, L Magana Zertuche, RM Magee, E Majorana, I Maksimovic, A Malik, N Man, V Mandic, V Mangano, GL Mansell, M Manske, M Mantovani, F Marchesoni, F Marion, S Marka, Z Marka, C Markakis, AS Markosyan, A Markowitz, E Maros, A Marquina, S Marsat, F Martelli, IW Martin, RM Martin, DV Martynov, K Mason, E Massera, A Masserot, TJ Massinger, M Masso-Reid, S Mastrogiovanni, A Matas, F Matichard, L Matone, N Mavalvala, N Mazumder, JJ McCann, R McCarthy, DE McClelland, S McCormick, L McCuller, SC McGuire, J McIver, DJ McManus, T McRae, ST McWilliams, D Meacher, GD Meadors, M Mehmet, AK Mehta, J Meidam, A Melatos, G Mendell, RA Mercer, L Mereni, EL Merilh, M Merzougui, S Meshkov, C Messenger, C Messick, R Metzdorff, PM Meyers, H Miao, C Michel, H Middleton, EE Mikhailov, L Milano, AL Miller, A Miller, M Millhouse, JC Mills, MC Milovich-Goff, O Minazzoli, Y Minenkov, A Mishkin, C Mishra, T Mistry, S Mitra, VP Mitrofanov, G Mitselmakher, R Mittleman, G Mo, D Moffa, K Mogushi, SRP Mohapatra, M Montani, CJ Moore, D Moraru, G Moreno, S Morisaki, B Mours, CM Mow-Lowry, Arunava Mukherjee, D Mukherjee, S Mukherjee, N Mukund, A Mullavey, J Munch, EA Muniz, M Muratore, PG Murray, I Nardecchia, L Naticchioni, RK Nayak, J Neilson, G Nelemans, TJN Nelson, M Nery, A Neunzert, KY Ng, S Ng, P Nguyen, D Nichols, S Nissanke, F Nocera, C North, LK Nuttall, M Obergaulinger, J Oberling, BD O'Brien, GD O'Dea, GH Ogin, JJ Oh, SH Oh, F Ohme, H Ohta, MA Okada, M Oliver, P Oppermann, Richard J Oram, B O'Reilly, RG Ormiston, LF Ortega, R O'Shaughnessy, S Ossokine, DJ Ottaway, H Overmier, BJ Owen, AE Pace, G Pagano, MA Page, A Pai, SA Pai, JR Palamos, O Palashov, C Palomba, A Pal-Singh, Huang-Wei Pan, B Pang, PTH Pang, C Pankow, F Pannarale, BC Pant, F Paoletti, A Paoli, A Parida, W Parker, D Pascucci, A Pasqualetti, R Passaquieti, D Passuello, M Patil, B Patricelli, BL Pearlstone, C Pedersen, M Pedraza, R Pedurand, A Pele, S Penn, CJ Perez, A Perreca, HP Pfeiffer, M Phelps, KS Phukon, OJ Piccinni, M Pichot, F Piergiovanni, G Pillant, L Pinard, M Pirello, M Pitkin, R Poggiani, DYT Pong, S Ponrathnam, P Popolizio, EK Porter, J Powell, AK Prajapati, J Prasad, K Prasai, R Prasanna, G Pratten, T Prestegard, S Privitera, GA Prodi, LG Prokhorov, O Puncken, M Punturo, P Puppo, M Puerrer, H Qi, V Quetschke, PJ Quinonez, EA Quintero, R Quitzow-James, FJ Raab, H Radkins, N Radulescu, P Raffai, S Raja, C Rajan, B Rajbhandari, M Rakhmanov, KE Ramirez, A Ramos-Buades, Javed Rana, K Rao, P Rapagnani, V Raymond, M Razzano, J Read, T Regimbau, L Rei, S Reid, DH Reitze, W Ren, F Ricci, CJ Richardson, JW Richardson, PM Ricker, K Riles, M Rizzo, NA Robertson, R Robie, F Robinet, A Rocchi, L Rolland, JG Rollins, VJ Roma, M Romanelli, R Romano, CL Romel, JH Romie, K Rose, D Rosinska, SG Rosofsky, MP Ross, S Rowan, A Ruediger, P Ruggi, G Rutins, K Ryan, S Sachdev, T Sadecki, M Sakellariadou, L Salconi, M Saleem, A Samajdar, L Sammut, EJ Sanchez, LE Sanchez, N Sanchis-Gual, V Sandberg, JR Sanders, KA Santiago, N Sarin, B Sassolas, PR Saulson, O Sauter, RL Savage, P Schale, M Scheel, J Scheuer, F Schiettekatte, P Schmidt, R Schnabel, RMS Schofield, A Schoenbeck, E Schreiber, BW Schulte, BF Schutz, SG Schwalbe, J Scott, SM Scott, E Seidel, D Sellers, AS Sengupta, N Sennett, D Sentenac, V Sequino, A Sergeev, Y Setyawati, DA Shaddock, T Shaffer, MS Shahriar, MB Shaner, L Shao, P Sharma, P Shawhan, H Shen, R Shink, DH Shoemaker, DM Shoemaker, S ShyamSundar, K Siellez, M Sieniawska, D Sigg, AD Silva, LP Singer, N Singh, A Singhal, AM Sintes, S Sitmukhambetov, V Skliris, BJJ Slagmolen, TJ Slaven-Blair, JR Smith, RJE Smith, S Somala, EJ Son, B Sorazu, F Sorrentino, T Souradeep, E Sowell, AP Spencer, AK Srivastava, V Srivastava, K Staats, C Stachie, M Standke, DA Steer, M Steinke, J Steinlechner, S Steinlechner, D Steinmeyer, SP Stevenson, D Stocks, R Stone, DJ Stops, KA Strain, G Stratta, SE Strigin, A Strunk, R Sturani, AL Stuver, V Sudhir, TZ 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JZ Wang, WH Wang, YF Wang, RL Ward, ZA Warden, J Warner, M Was, J Watchi, B Weaver, L-W Wei, M Weinert, AJ Weinstein, R Weiss, F Wellmann, L Wen, EK Wessel, P Wessels, JW Westhouse, K Wette, JT Whelan, BF Whiting, C Whittle, DM Wilken, D Williams, AR Williamson, JL Willis, B Willke, MH Wimmer, W Winkler, CC Wipf, H Wittel, G Woan, J Woehler, JK Wofford, J Worden, JL Wright, DS Wu, DM Wysocki, L Xiao, H Yamamoto, CC Yancey, L Yang, MJ Yap, M Yazback, DW Yeeles, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu, SHR Yuen, M Yvert, AK Zadrozny, A Zadrozny, M Zanolin, T Zelenova, J-P Zendri, M Zevin, J Zhang, L Zhang, T Zhang, C Zhao, M Zhou, Z Zhou, XJ Zhu, ME Zucker, J Zweizig, ANTARES Collaboration, ANTARES Collaboration, IceCube Collaboration, IceCube Collaboration, LIGO Sci Collaboration, LIGO Sci Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration
