Planetary atmosphere observation analysis

Abstract:

Current understanding of weather, climate and global atmospheric circulation on Mars is incomplete, in particular at altitudes above about 30 km. General circulation models for Mars are similar to those developed for weather and climate forecasting on Earth and require more martian observations to allow testing and model improvements. However, the available measurements of martian atmospheric temperatures, winds, water vapour and airborne dust are generally restricted to the region close to the surface and lack the vertical resolution and global coverage that is necessary to shed light on the dynamics of Mars middle atmosphere at altitudes between 30 and 80 km (ref.7). Here we report high-resolution observations from the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. These observations show an intense warming of the middle atmosphere over the south polar region in winter that is at least 10-20 K warmer than predicted by current model simulations. To explain this finding, we suggest that the atmospheric downwelling circulation over the pole, which is part of the equator-to-pole Hadley circulation, may be as much as 50 more vigorous than expected, with consequences for the cycles of water, dust and CO"2 that regulate the present-day climate on Mars. © 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

Abstract:

A major limitation in the development of wind sensors for use on Mars is the lack of suitable testing and calibration facilities. A low-density wind tunnel has been developed at Oxford University for calibration of wind sensors for Mars landers, capable of providing stable or dynamically varying winds, of air or carbon dioxide, at Martian pressures (5-10 mbar) and speeds (0.5-30 m/s), and temperatures of 200-300 K. The flow field in the test section was calculated using analytical and computational modelling techniques, and validated experimentally using a pitot probe. This facility's stability and accuracy offer significant advantages with respect to previous calibration facilities. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

We present new measurements and modelling of low-resolution transmission spectra of self-broadened ammonia gas, one of the most important absorbers found in the near-infrared spectrum of the planet Jupiter. These new spectral measurements were specifically designed to support measurements of Jupiter's atmosphere made by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) which was part of the Galileo mission that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to September 2003. To reach approximate jovian conditions in the lab, a new gas spectroscopy facility was developed and used to measure self-broadened ammonia spectra from 0.74 to 5.2 μm, virtually the complete range of the NIMS instrument, for the first time. Spectra were recorded at temperatures varying from 300 to 215 K, pressures from 1000 to 33 mb and using three different path lengths (10.164, 6.164 and 2.164 m). The spectra were then modelled using a series of increasingly complex physically based transmittance functions. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

We present zonal and meridional wind measurements at three altitude levels within the cloud layers of Venus from cloud tracking using images taken with the VIRTIS instrument on board Venus Express. At low latitudes, zonal winds in the Southern hemisphere are nearly constant with latitude with westward velocities of 105 ms-1 at cloud-tops (altitude ∼ 66 km) and 60-70 ms-1 at the cloud-base (altitude ∼ 47 km). At high latitudes, zonal wind speeds decrease linearly with latitude with no detectable vertical wind shear (values lower than 15 ms-1), indicating the possibility of a vertically coherent vortex structure. Meridional winds at the cloud-tops are poleward with peak speed of 10 ms-1 at 55° S but below the cloud tops and averaged over the South hemisphere are found to be smaller than 5 ms-1. We also, report the detection at subpolar latitudes of wind variability due to the solar tide. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.