Prof. David Alonso

Abstract:

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>We study the effects due to mismatches in passbands, polarization angles, and temperature and polarization calibrations in the context of the upcoming cosmic microwave background experiment Simons Observatory (SO). Using the SO multi-frequency likelihood, we estimate the bias and the degradation of constraining power in cosmological and astrophysical foreground parameters assuming different levels of knowledge of the instrumental effects. We find that incorrect but reasonable assumptions about the values of all the systematics examined here can have significant effects on cosmological analyses, hence requiring marginalization approaches at the likelihood level. When doing so, we find that the most relevant effect is due to bandpass shifts. When marginalizing over them, the posteriors of parameters describing astrophysical microwave foregrounds (such as radio point sources or dust) get degraded, while cosmological parameters constraints are not significantly affected. Marginalization over polarization angles with up to 0.25<jats:sup>°</jats:sup> uncertainty causes an irrelevant bias ≲ 0.05 <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic> in all parameters. Marginalization over calibration factors in polarization broadens the constraints on the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom N<jats:sub>eff</jats:sub> by a factor 1.2, interpreted here as a proxy parameter for non standard model physics targeted by high-resolution CMB measurements.</jats:p>

Abstract:

The Simons Observatory (SO), due to start full science operations in early 2025, aims to set tight constraints on inflationary physics by inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio 𝑟 from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization 𝐵-modes. Its nominal design including three small-aperture telescopes (SATs) targets a precision 𝜎⁡(𝑟=0)≤0.003 without delensing. Achieving this goal and further reducing uncertainties requires a thorough understanding and mitigation of other large-scale 𝐵-mode sources such as Galactic foregrounds and weak gravitational lensing. We present an analysis pipeline aiming to estimate 𝑟 by including delensing within a cross-spectral likelihood, and demonstrate it for the first time on SO-like simulations accounting for various levels of foreground complexity, inhomogeneous noise and partial sky coverage. As introduced in an earlier SO delensing paper, lensing 𝐵-modes are synthesized using internal CMB lensing reconstructions as well as Planck-like cosmic infrared background maps and LSST-like galaxy density maps. We then extend SO’s power-spectrum-based foreground-cleaning algorithm to include all auto- and cross-spectra between the lensing template and the SAT 𝐵-modes in the likelihood function. This allows us to constrain 𝑟 and the parameters of our foreground model simultaneously. Within this framework, we demonstrate the equivalence of map-based and cross-spectral delensing and use it to motivate an optimized pixel-weighting scheme for power spectrum estimation. We start by validating our pipeline in the simplistic case of uniform foreground spectral energy distributions. In the absence of primordial 𝐵-modes, we find that the 1⁢𝜎 statistical uncertainty on 𝑟, 𝜎⁡(𝑟), decreases by 37% as a result of delensing. Tensor modes at the level of 𝑟=0.01 are successfully detected by our pipeline. Even when using more realistic foreground models including spatial variations in the dust and synchrotron spectral properties, we obtain unbiased estimates of 𝑟 both with and without delensing by employing the moment-expansion method. In this case, uncertainties are increased due to the higher number of model parameters, and delensing-related improvements range between 27% and 31%. These results constitute the first realistic assessment of the delensing performance at SO’s nominal sensitivity level.