Extremely Large Telescope

Abstract:

Abstract We present combined JWST NIRSpec and MIRI/MRS integral field spectroscopy data of the nuclear and circumnuclear regions of the highly dust obscured Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7582, which is part of the sample of AGN in the Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS). Spatially resolved analysis of the pure rotational H2 lines (S(1)-S(7)) reveals a characteristic power-law temperature distribution in different apertures, with the two prominent southern star-forming regions exhibiting unexpectedly high molecular gas temperatures, comparable to those in the AGN powered nuclear region. We investigate potential heating mechanisms including direct AGN photoionisation, UV fluorescent excitation from young star clusters, and shock excitation. We find that shock heating gives the most plausible explanation, consistent with multiple near- and mid-IR tracers and diagnostics. Using photoionisation models from the PhotoDissociation Region Toolbox, we quantify the ISM conditions in the different regions, determining that the southern star-forming regions have a high density (nH ∼ 105 cm−3) and are irradiated by a moderate UV radiation field (G0 ∼ 103 Habing). Fitting a suite of Paris-Durham shock models to the rotational H2 lines, as well as rovibrational 1-0 S(1), 1-0 S(2), and 2-1 S(1) H2 emission lines, we find that a slow (vs ∼ 10 km/s) C-type shock is likely responsible for the elevated temperatures. Our analysis loosely favours local starburst activity as the driver of the shocks and circumnuclear gas dynamics in NGC 7582, though the possibility of an AGN jet contribution cannot be excluded.

Abstract:

Abstract Adaptive binning is a crucial step in the analysis of large astronomical datasets, such as those from integral-field spectroscopy, to ensure a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio ($\mathcal {S/N}$) for reliable model fitting. However, the widely-used Voronoi-binning method and its variants suffer from two key limitations: they scale poorly with data size, often as $\mathcal {O}(N^2)$, creating a computational bottleneck for modern surveys, and they can produce undesirable non-convex or disconnected bins. I introduce PowerBin, a new algorithm that overcomes these issues. I frame the binning problem within the theory of optimal transport, for which the solution is a Centroidal Power Diagram (CPD), guaranteeing convex bins. Instead of formal CPD solvers, which are unstable with real data, I develop a fast and robust heuristic based on a physical analogy of packed soap bubbles. This method reliably enforces capacity constraints even for non-additive measures like $\mathcal {S/N}$ with correlated noise. I also present a new bin-accretion algorithm with $\mathcal {O}(N\log N)$ complexity, removing the previous bottleneck. The combined PowerBin algorithm scales as $\mathcal {O}(N\log N)$, making it about two orders of magnitude faster than previous methods on million-pixel datasets. I demonstrate its performance on a range of simulated and real data, showing it produces high-quality, convex tessellations with excellent $\mathcal {S/N}$ uniformity. The public Python implementation provides a fast, robust, and scalable tool for the analysis of modern astronomical data.

Abstract:

Abstract We extract with ppxf and analyse the high-order stellar kinematic moments h3 (related to skewness) and h4 (related to kurtosis) in a complete subsample of 2230 galaxies with well-sampled line-of-sight velocity distributions (σe ≳ 140 km/s) from the final data release of 10010 unique galaxies of the MaNGA survey. To reduce template mismatch, we created a stellar library based on MaStar. We used proxies for the specific angular momentum parameter ($\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$) and ellipticity (ϵ) to distinguish between fast and slow rotators. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient between spatially resolved h3 and V/σ within the isophotes of 2.5 half-light radii (Re), we classified 1,599 fast rotators into: (i) 1,073 galaxies showing a strong h3 versus V/σ anti-correlation, indicative of normal rotating stellar disks as observed in earlier studies. (ii) 526 galaxies exhibiting weak or no correlation between h3 and V/σ. These galaxies are likely disturbed, showing signs of bars or merging. Further inspection revealed that 85 galaxies from the latter group contain an anti-correlated inner disk, with half of these inner disks composed of younger stellar populations, indicative of recent gas accretion and nuclear star formation. This catalogue presents measurements of high-order stellar kinematic moments, providing a basis for exploring their potential links with the kinematic structures of galaxies. We have made the newly extracted high-order kinematics publicly available for further studies on stellar dynamics and galaxy formation.

Abstract:

The spectral resolution (R ≡ λ/Δλ) of spectroscopic data is crucial information for accurate kinematic measurements. In this letter we present a robust measurement of the spectral resolution of the JWST Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) in fixed slit (FS) and integral field spectroscopy (IFS) modes. Due to the similarity of the utilized slit dimension in the FS mode to that of the shutters in the multi-object spectroscopy (MOS) mode, our resolution measurements in the FS mode can also be used for the MOS mode in principle. We modeled H and He lines of the planetary nebula SMP LMC 58 using a Gaussian line spread function (LSF) to estimate the wavelength-dependent resolution for multiple disperser and filter combinations. We corrected for the intrinsic width of the planetary nebula’s H and He lines due to its expansion velocity by measuring it from a higher-resolution X-shooter spectrum. We find that NIRSpec’s in-flight spectral resolutions exceed the pre-launch estimates provided in the JWST User Documentation by 11–53% in the FS mode and by 1–24% in the IFS mode across the covered wavelengths. We recover the expected trend that the resolution increases with the wavelength within a configuration. The robust and accurate LSFs presented in this letter will enable high-accuracy kinematic measurements using NIRSpec for applications in cosmology and galaxy evolution.

Abstract:

We derive circular velocity curves (CVCs) from stellar dynamical models for ∼6000 nearby galaxies in the final data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-IV MaNGA survey with integral-field spectroscopy, exploring connections between the inner gravitational potential (traced by CVC amplitude/shape) and galaxy properties. The maximum circular velocity ( Vcircmax ) and circular velocity at the half-light radius ( Vcirc(Remaj) ) both scale linearly with the stellar second velocity moment σe2≡〈V2+σ2〉 within the half-light isophote, following Vcircmax≈1.72σe (7% error) and Vcirc(Remaj)≈1.62σe (7% error). CVC shapes (rising, flat, declining) correlate strongly with structural and stellar population properties: declining curves dominate in massive, early-type, bulge-dominated galaxies with old, metal-rich stars and early quenching, while rising CVCs prevail in disk-dominated systems with younger stellar populations and ongoing star formation. Using a unified bulge–disk–halo model, we predict CVC shapes with minimal bias, identifying three governing parameters: bulge-to-total mass ratio (B/T), dark matter fraction within Re, and bulge Sérsic index. The distribution of CVC shapes across the mass–size plane reflects evolutionary pathways driven by (i) in situ star formation (spurring bulge growth) and (ii) dry mergers. This establishes CVC morphology as a diagnostic for galaxy evolution, linking dynamical signatures to structural and stellar population histories.