Galaxy formation and evolution

Abstract:

Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2024 data for Italy and the United Kingdom, this study examines how gender gaps in entrepreneurial perceptions, measured as perceived entrepreneurial skills and fear of failure, vary across age and education within contrasting institutional regimes. Drawing on a life‐course institutional framework, we test whether cumulative disadvantage and institutional moderation shape gendered perceptual trajectories differently in a coordinated market economy (Italy) and a liberal market economy (United Kingdom). Across both countries, men report higher perceived entrepreneurial skills and lower fear of failure, but patterns diverge over the life course. In the United Kingdom, gender gaps tend to narrow with age, whereas in Italy they persist or widen, particularly among highly educated individuals approaching retirement. Although sustainability orientation is not directly measured, the findings suggest that institutionally shaped gender gaps may indirectly influence inclusive participation in entrepreneurial ecosystems. These results highlight the importance of institutional flexibility and second‐chance norms in shaping gendered access to entrepreneurial activity.

Abstract:

Despite its proximity, the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the spiral galaxy M81 (NGC 3031) has remained a subject of discussion, with doubts previously cast on the reliability of available dynamical measurements. We present the first robust stellar-dynamics measurement of its mass using high-resolution, two-dimensional kinematics from JWST/NIRSpec observations of the central 3″ × 3″. By tracing stellar motions in the near-infrared, our data penetrate the obscuring nuclear dust and allow for the separation of stellar light from the nonthermal AGN continuum. We modeled the kinematics using the Jeans anisotropic modelling method. Rather than relying on a standard Bayesian approach for error estimation, we constructed a suite of 24 independent models, each employing a unique combination of different physical assumptions regarding stellar mass-to-light (M/L) ratio gradients, the point-spread function, the masking of the central active galactic nucleus, and the orientation of the velocity ellipsoid. This ensemble approach allows us to robustly account for the impact of systematic uncertainties. To estimate our systematic uncertainties, we performed a bootstrap of the MBH values derived from these 24 models, thereby incorporating the variance between different physical assumptions. Our analysis yields a precise SMBH mass of MBH = (4.77 ± 0.37) × 107 M⊙ (1σ confidence, including systematic and statistical uncertainties). This result is consistent with previous determinations within their uncertainties, while providing a crucial and highly reliable anchor point for SMBH–galaxy scaling relations in spiral galaxies.

Abstract:

We present the fourth data release of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), providing deep spectroscopic observations in the two GOODS fields. A companion paper presents the target selection, spectroscopic redshifts and success rates, and in this paper, we discuss the data reduction and present emission-line flux measurements. The spectroscopy in this work consists of medium-depth, deep, and ultradeep NIRSpec/MSA spectra of 5190 targets, covering the spectral range m and observed with both the low-dispersion prism () and all three medium-resolution gratings (). We describe the data reduction, analysis and description of the data products included in this data release. In total, we measured 3297 robust redshifts out of 5190 targets, spanning a redshift range from up to , including 974 at . This data release includes 1D and 2D fully reduced spectra with 3- and 5-pixel extractions, with slit-loss corrections and background subtraction optimized for point sources. Furthermore, we provide redshifts and SNR > 5 emission-line flux catalogues for the prism and grating spectra, as well as new guidelines to use these data products. Lastly, we are launching a new JADES online data base, designed to enable quick selection and browsing of this data release. Altogether, these data provide the largest statistical sample to date including both PRISM and medium grating spectra across full NIRSpec wavelength range to characterize the properties of galaxy populations across cosmic time.

Abstract:

Relativistic jets from supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei are amongst the most powerful phenomena in the universe. Similar jets from stellar-mass black holes offer a chance to study the phenomena on accessible observation time scales. However, such comparative studies across black hole masses and time scales remain hampered by the long-standing perception that stellar-mass black hole jets are in a less relativistic regime. Here, we show the detection of two distinct, relativistic jet ejections from the Galactic black hole X-ray binary 4U 1543−47 during a single outburst, with radio interferometry monitoring observations. Our measurements reveal a likely Lorentz factor of approximately 8 and a minimum of 4.6 at launch with 95% confidence, demonstrating that stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binaries can launch jets as relativistic as those seen in active galactic nuclei.

Abstract:

Understanding the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) requires observational constraints on how their angular momentum—or spin—varies with mass, since the relative importance of coherent accretion, chaotic accretion, and mergers will be reflected in SMBH spin populations. Here we present an updated compilation of reflection-based SMBH spin measurements from the literature and assemble a set of ancillary quantities of interest for each SMBH (including redshift, Eddington ratio, and X-ray luminosity). No obvious apparent correlation between the Eddington-scaled accretion rate and the black hole spin is seen, noting that formal statistical tests are beyond the scope of this review. We discuss the limitations of using this heterogeneous mass–spin sample to test predictions of SMBH growth from semi-analytic models and cosmological simulations, emphasizing the need for a more uniform sample. We then highlight the encouraging prospects enabled by the next-generation NewAthena X-ray flagship observatory. Finally, we summarize how hierarchical Bayesian population inference applied to observed SMBH mass–spin populations will constitute a powerful framework for confirming tentative mass–spin trends in future samples.