Oxford Centre for High Energy Density Science (OxCHEDS)

Abstract:

High intensity lasers can be used to generate shockwaves which have found applications in nuclear fusion, proton imaging, cancer therapies, and materials science. Collisionless electrostatic shocks are one type of shockwave widely studied for applications involving ion acceleration. Here we show a novel mechanism for collisionless electrostatic shocks to heat small amounts of solid density matter to temperatures of ∼ keV in tens of femtoseconds. Unusually, electrons play no direct role in the heating, and it is the ions which determine the heating rate. Ions are heated due to an interplay between the electric field of the shock, the local density increase during the passage of the shock, and collisions between different species of ion. In simulations, these factors combine to produce rapid, localised heating of the lighter ion species. Although the heated volume is modest, this would be one of the fastest heating mechanisms discovered if demonstrated in the laboratory.

Abstract:

The advent of high-power laser facilities has, in the past two decades, opened a new field of research where astrophysical environments can be scaled down to laboratory dimensions, while preserving the essential physics. This is due to the invariance of the equations of magneto-hydrodynamics to a class of similarity transformations. Here we review the relevant scaling relations and their application in laboratory astrophysics experiments with a focus on the generation and amplification of magnetic fields at cosmological shock waves. These arise during the collapse of protogalactic structures, resulting in the formation of high Mach number shocks in the intergalactic medium, which act as sources of vorticity in protogalaxies. The standard model for the origin of magnetic fields is via baroclinic generation from the resulting misaligned pressure and temperature gradients (the so-called Biermann battery process). While both experiment and numerical simulation have confirmed the occurrence of this mechanism at shocks, reconciling the resulting weak fields with present day observations is an un-solved problem, although it is generally accepted that turbulent motions of the weakly magnetised plasma plays a key role. Bridging the vast scale differences is a challenge both numerically and experimentally. A summary of novel laboratory experiments aimed at investigating additional processes that may shed light on these and other processes, such us turbulent amplification, resistive and collision-less plasma instabilities will be discussed in this review, particularly in relation to experiments using high power laser systems. The connection between laboratory shock waves and additional mechanisms, such as diffusive shock acceleration will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the impact of laboratory investigation in furthering our understanding of plasma physics on super-galactic scales.

Abstract:

State of the art X-ray Free Electron Laser facilities currently provide the brightest X-ray pulses available, typically with mJ energy and several hundred femtosecond duration. Here we present one- and two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations, utilising the process of stimulated Raman amplification, showing that these pulses are compressed to a temporally coherent, sub-femtosecond pulse at 8% efficiency. Pulses of this type may pave the way for routine time resolution of electrons in nm size potentials. Furthermore, evidence is presented that significant Landau damping and wave-breaking may be beneficial in distorting the rear of the interaction and further reducing the final pulse duration.