Synthesis and crystal growth

Abstract:

The transport of electrically charged quasiparticles (based on electrons or ions) plays a pivotal role in modern technology as well as in determining the essential functions of biological organisms. In contrast, the transport of magnetic charges has barely been explored experimentally, mainly because magnetic charges, in contrast to electric ones, are generally considered at best to be convenient macroscopic parameters, rather than well-defined quasiparticles. However, it was recently proposed that magnetic charges can exist in certain materials in the form of emergent excitations that manifest like point charges, or magnetic monopoles. Here we address the question of whether such magnetic charges and their associated currents-'magnetricity'-can be measured directly in experiment, without recourse to any material-specific theory. By mapping the problem onto Onsager's theory of electrolytes, we show that this is indeed possible, and devise an appropriate method for the measurement of magnetic charges and their dynamics. Using muon spin rotation as a suitable local probe, we apply the method to a real material, the 'spin ice' Dy(2)Ti(2)O(7) (refs 5-8). Our experimental measurements prove that magnetic charges exist in this material, interact via a Coulomb potential, and have measurable currents. We further characterize deviations from Ohm's law, and determine the elementary unit of magnetic charge to be 5 mu(B) A(-1), which is equal to that recently predicted using the microscopic theory of spin ice. Our measurement of magnetic charge and magnetic current establishes an instance of a perfect symmetry between electricity and magnetism.

Abstract:

We present the magnetic phase diagram of multiferroic TbMnO3 for H parallel to b determined using X-ray resonant scattering at the Tb L-3-edge. Investigations of two different magnetic domains, C-type and F-type, demonstrate very similar behaviour in high applied magnetic fields, with a low temperature incommensurate to commensurate transition at H similar or equal to 4.5T, concurrent with the polarisation flop observed in bulk magnetoelectric measurements. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract:

The crystal structure of Na0.75CoO2 was studied at ambient and low temperatures down to 10 K at pressures up to 40 GPa using synchrotron x-rays and a diamond cell in angle dispersion geometry. A reduction in the c / a ratio was observed at both conditions with the application of pressure. An increase in Co-O bond lengths and a decrease in Na-O bond lengths were observed above 10 GPa. The results of the density functional calculations performed agree well with the pressure induced bond length changes. The anomalous change in the c / a ratio and bond lengths indicate a pressure induced isostructural phase transition above 10 GPa. Bulk modulus calculations show this compound is less compressible than its hydrated analogues. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Abstract:

Polarized- and unpolarized-neutron scattering measurements of the spin excitation spectrum in the stripe-ordered phase of La(2)NiO4+delta(delta similar or equal to 0.11) are presented. At low energies, the magnetic spectral weight is found to shift anomalously toward the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic wave vector, similar to the low-energy dispersions observed in cuprate superconductors. While spin-wave spectra in stripe phases can exhibit an apparent inward dispersion, we find that the peak shifts measured here cannot be accounted for by this effect. Possible extensions of the model are discussed.

Abstract:

High density ex situ magnesium diboride bulks were synthesized from commercial MgB2 powder using spark plasma sintering under a range of applied uniaxial pressures between 16 and 80MPa. The microstructure was characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, and density measurements using the Archimedes method. By combining these data with those for other bulk samples we have developed a correlation curve for the hardness and density for magnesium diboride for relative densities of 60-100%. The superconducting properties were determined using magnetization measurements. Comparison to samples of significantly higher porosity indicates a positive correlation between magnetization critical current density and bulk density for magnesium diboride bulks up to around 90% density. Above this level other microstructural processes such as grain growth begin to influence the critical current density, suggesting that full elimination of porosity is not necessary to obtain high critical current density. We conclude that the best superconducting properties are likely to be obtained with a combination of small grain size and minimal porosity. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.