Gyrokinetic electrostatic turbulence close to marginality in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
Physical Review E American Physical Society 106 (2022) L013202
Abstract:
The transition from strong (fluidlike) to nearly marginal (Floquet-type) regimes of ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) driven turbulence is studied in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X by means of numerical simulations. Close to marginality, extended (along magnetic field lines) linearly unstable modes are dominant, even in the presence of kinetic electrons, and provide a drive that results in finite turbulent transport. A total suppression of turbulence above the linear stability threshold of the ITG modes, commonly present in tokamaks and known as the “Dimits shift,” is not observed. We show that this is mostly due to the peculiar radial structure of marginal turbulence, which is more localized than in the fluid case and therefore less likely to be stabilized by shearing flows.A novel approach to radially global gyrokinetic simulation using the flux-tube code stella
Journal of Computational Physics Elsevier 468 (2022) 111498
Abstract:
A novel approach to global gyrokinetic simulation is implemented in the flux-tube code stella. This is done by using a subsidiary expansion of the gyrokinetic equation in the perpendicular scale length of the turbulence, originally derived by Parra and Barnes [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 57 054003, 2015], which allows the use of Fourier basis functions while enabling the effect of radial profile variation to be included in a perturbative way. Radial variation of the magnetic geometry is included by utilizing a global extension of the Grad-Shafranov equation and the Miller equilibrium equations which is obtained through Taylor expansion. Radial boundary conditions that employ multiple flux-tube simulations are also developed, serving as a more physically motivated replacement to the conventional Dirichlet radial boundary conditions that are used in global simulation. It is shown that these new boundary conditions eliminate much of the numerical artefacts generated near the radial boundary when expressing a non-periodic function using a spectral basis. We then benchmark the new approach both linearly and non-linearly using a number of standard test cases.Three-dimensional inhomogeneity of electron-temperature-gradient turbulence in the edge of tokamak plasmas
Nuclear Fusion IOP Publishing 62:8 (2022) 086045
Abstract:
Nonlinear multiscale gyrokinetic simulations of a Joint European Torus edge pedestal are used to show that electron-temperature-gradient (ETG) turbulence has a rich three-dimensional structure, varying strongly according to the local magnetic-field configuration. In the plane normal to the magnetic field, the steep pedestal electron temperature gradient gives rise to anisotropic turbulence with a radial (normal) wavelength much shorter than in the binormal direction. In the parallel direction, the location and parallel extent of the turbulence are determined by the variation in the magnetic drifts and finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects. The magnetic drift and FLR topographies have a perpendicular-wavelength dependence, which permits turbulence intensity maxima near the flux-surface top and bottom at longer binormal scales, but constrains turbulence to the outboard midplane at shorter electron-gyroradius binormal scales. Our simulations show that long-wavelength ETG turbulence does not transport heat efficiently, and significantly decreases overall ETG transport—in our case by ∼40%—through multiscale interactions.Three-dimensional inhomogeneity of electron-temperature-gradient turbulence in the edge of tokamak plasmas
Nuclear Fusion IOP Publishing 62:8 (2022) 086045-086045
Abstract:
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Nonlinear multiscale gyrokinetic simulations of a Joint European Torus edge pedestal are used to show that electron-temperature-gradient (ETG) turbulence has a rich three-dimensional structure, varying strongly according to the local magnetic-field configuration. In the plane normal to the magnetic field, the steep pedestal electron temperature gradient gives rise to anisotropic turbulence with a radial (normal) wavelength much shorter than in the binormal direction. In the parallel direction, the location and parallel extent of the turbulence are determined by the variation in the magnetic drifts and finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects. The magnetic drift and FLR topographies have a perpendicular-wavelength dependence, which permits turbulence intensity maxima near the flux-surface top and bottom at longer binormal scales, but constrains turbulence to the outboard midplane at shorter electron-gyroradius binormal scales. Our simulations show that long-wavelength ETG turbulence does not transport heat efficiently, and significantly decreases overall ETG transport—in our case by ∼40%—through multiscale interactions.</jats:p>Electrostatic gyrokinetic simulations in Wendelstein 7-X geometry: benchmark between the codes stella and GENE
Journal of Plasma Physics Cambridge University Press 88:3 (2022) 905880310