Solar system

Abstract:

Previous investigations have employed more than 100 close observations of Titan by the Cassini orbiter to elucidate connections between the production and distribution of Titan’s vast, organic-rich chemical inventory and its atmospheric dynamics. However, as Titan transitions into northern summer, the lack of incoming data from the Cassini orbiter presents a potential barrier to the continued study of seasonal changes in Titan’s atmosphere. In our previous work (Thelen et al., 2018), we demonstrated that the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is well suited for measurements of Titan’s atmosphere in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere ( km) through the use of spatially resolved (beam sizes  ≺ 1′′) flux calibration observations of Titan. Here, we derive vertical abundance profiles of four of Titan’s trace atmospheric species from the same 3 independent spatial regions across Titan’s disk during the same epoch (2012–2015): HCN, HC3N, C3H4, and CH3CN. We find that Titan’s minor constituents exhibit large latitudinal variations, with enhanced abundances at high latitudes compared to equatorial measurements; this includes CH3CN, which eluded previous detection by Cassini in the stratosphere, and thus spatially resolved abundance measurements were unattainable. Even over the short 3-year period, vertical profiles and integrated emission maps of these molecules allow us to observe temporal changes in Titan’s atmospheric circulation during northern spring. Our derived abundance profiles are comparable to contemporary measurements from Cassini infrared observations, and we find additional evidence for subsidence of enriched air onto Titan’s south pole during this time period. Continued observations of Titan with ALMA beyond the summer solstice will enable further study of how Titan’s atmospheric composition and dynamics respond to seasonal changes.

Abstract:

On Neptune, carbon monoxide and phosphine are disequilibrium species, and their abundance profiles can provide insights into interior processes and the external space environment. Here we use Herschel/SPIRE (Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver) observations from 14.9–51.5 cm-1 to obtain abundances from multiple CO and PH3 spectral features. For CO, we find that nine CO bands can be simultaneously fitted using a step profile with a 0.22 ppm tropospheric abundance, a 1.03 ppm stratospheric abundance, and a step transition pressure of 0.11 bar near the tropopause. This is in broad agreement with previous studies. However, we also find that the CO spectral features could be fitted, to well within measurement errors, with a profile that contains no tropospheric CO for pressure levels deeper than 0.5 bar, which is our preferred interpretation. This differs from previous studies that have assumed CO is well mixed throughout the troposphere, which would require an internal CO source to explain and a high O/H enrichment. Our interpretation removes the requirement for extreme interior O/H enrichment in thermochemical models and can finally reconcile D/H and CO measurements. If true, the lack of lower tropospheric CO would imply a decrease in Neptune’s interior water content, favouring a silicate-rich instead of an ice-rich interior. This would be consistent with a protoplanetary ice source with a similar D/H ratio to the current solar system comet population. The upper tropospheric and stratospheric CO at pressures less than 0.5 bar could then be entirely externally sourced from a giant impact as suggested by Lellouch et al.(2005). We also derive a 3-σ upper limit for PH3 of 1.1 ppb at 0.4–0.8 bar. This is the most stringent upper limit to-date and is entirely consistent with predictions from a simple photochemical model.